A.Â
Under this section, the developers and/or their contractors
shall fine-grade the pavement areas and construct a soil cement base
pavement having a minimum compacted thickness of five inches. The
base pavement will conform to the lines, grades and typical sections
shown on the plans and be in accordance with these specifications
and the directions of the Engineer.
B.Â
The soil cement base pavement shall consist of a simple,
intimate mixture of pulverized soil, measured quantities of portland
cement, calcium chloride and water, combined, uniformly mixed, compacted,
finished and cured to form a hard, durable, semirigid base pavement.
C.Â
The preparation and admixing of soils for the soil
cement base pavement is to be included as a part of this section.
A.Â
Portland cement shall be Type 1 conforming to ASTM
C-150. One cubic foot of cement shall be considered to weigh 94 pounds.
Cement will be paid for separately.
B.Â
Water shall be free from oil, acid alkali, vegetable
or organic matter and all other substances deleterious to the hardening
of the soil-cement mixture. The developers and/or their contractors
shall procure all such necessary water at their own expense.
C.Â
Soil shall consist of the in-place materials existing
within the area to be paved, approved selected borrow materials or
a combination of both these materials in order to correct deficiencies
in the existing grade and/or to provide more favorable soil characteristics.
D.Â
Calcium chloride.
(1)Â
Calcium chloride shall be in the form of loose dry
lumps or flakes and fine enough to feed readily through the common
forms of spreaders used in roadwork and shall meet the requirements
of ASTM Designation D 98.
(2)Â
The calcium chloride shall be delivered in containers
of a type acceptable to the Engineer. The name of the manufacturer,
the approximate net weight and the percentage of calcium chloride
(CaC12) guaranteed by the manufacturer shall
be plainly marked on the container.
All equipment shall be of an approved type,
in first-class mechanical and operating condition and of adequate
capacity to properly perform the required work in a satisfactory manner.
The equipment shall be such as to ensure proper pulverization of soils,
accurate application of cement and water, thorough mixing and incorporation
of all materials, compaction, finishing and curing of the pavement
as required. Standby equipment shall be available to the developers
and/or their contractors so as to be in operation within one hour
after any breakdown occurs on the job.
A.Â
Generally. The subbase shall be defined as that portion
of the roadbed or parking field upon which the soil cement base pavement
is to be placed. The subbase soils shall be defined as that thickness
of soils below the base pavement as may need to be stabilized by materials
admixed therein to form a suitable subbase for a pavement of several
or more courses. The developers and/or contractors shall remove all
boulders, mulch, soft clay and other objectionable materials to such
depths as may be directed by the Engineer. These areas are to be backfilled
with acceptable material to subgrade for base pavement.
B.Â
Preparation of base pavement soils. Depending upon
the character of soil encountered at base pavement elevations, all
or parts of the base pavement soils, where directed by the Engineer,
shall be improved with material added from the excavation or borrowed.
The developers and/or their contractors shall save, during the excavation
operation, sufficient selected materials for this purpose. Suitable
loamy, silty or sandy soils shall he added to form a stable base for
a minimum of six inches compacted thickness. The areas to be treated
in cuts shall be excavated to a depth of three inches below soil cement
pavement or more as directed by the Engineer. A layer of proper-type
material between three and five inches loose measure shall be spread
over the area and thoroughly mixed to a depth of six inches by scarifying
or other method approved by the Engineer. The base soils shall then
be shaped and compacted to the approximate finished line and grade.
Smooth-wheel rollers weighing at least 10 tons shall be used for compaction.
Shaping, filling and rolling shall continue until the base pavement
soils are compacted to a depth of six inches and are within two inches
of final grade and ready for the fine-grading operation. Where required,
water shall be added to effect compaction. The base pavement soils
shall be kept free from ruts and depressions and properly drained.
A.Â
Prior to starting construction of the soil cement
base pavement, the developers and/or their contractors shall complete
all fine grading of the area as is required to establish the completed
work to the lines, grades, thickness and typical section shown on
the plans. All unsuitable soils or other materials shall be removed,
disposed of off the site and replaced with acceptable material obtained
on the site or from off-site borrow as required and directed by the
Engineer.
B.Â
The subgrade of the area to be paved shall be firm,
stable and capable of supporting all construction equipment employed
and permit the required compaction of the soil cement mixture. All
soft yielding or unstable subbase soils shall be satisfactorily corrected
before construction of the pavement is initiated.
C.Â
After all fine grading has been completed and subbase
properly prepared, the area to be processed shall be prewetted if
necessary, scarified and pulverized as required. It shall then be
bladed and leveled to approximate true grade and section. Pulverizing
of soil materials shall continue until 100% by dry weight passes a
one-inch sieve and a minimum of 80% passes a No. 4 sieve, exclusive
of retained gravel and stone after completion of moist mixing. All
gravel, stone and unpulverized road metal over 1 1/2 inches in size
shall be removed from the site. No stones greater than two inches
in size shall be permitted in the soil cement mixture.
D.Â
Before the cement is distributed and spread upon the
soil, calcium chloride at the rate of 0.6% by weight of soil shall
be evenly distributed over the entire area of the soil cement pavement.
An approved spreader shall be used to distribute the calcium chloride.
E.Â
Cement.
(1)Â
Portland cement of the type specified shall be uniformly
distributed and evenly spread over the area at the rate of not less
than 47 pounds per square yard. The developers and/or their contractors
shall furnish suitable equipment of an approved type for handling,
accurate weighing and spreading of the cement where bulk cement is
used. When bag cement is used, the containers shall be accurately
spotted and spaced in such manner as to ensure that the required quantity
of cement will be obtained with uniform distribution over the area
to be processed.
(2)Â
The percentage of moisture in the soil at the time
of cement application shall not exceed the quantity that will permit
a uniform and intimate mixture of soil materials and cement during
mixing operations.
(3)Â
All displaced cement shall be replaced prior to starting
mixing operations.
(4)Â
No cement shall be applied when the soil materials
or the subgrade is frozen. Air temperature in the shade shall be at
least 40º F. and rising.
(5)Â
Distribution of bulk cement over the area to be processed
shall be accomplished by a cement spreader equipped with suitable
device to accurately regulate and control the quantity of cement spread.
(6)Â
Where bag cement and hand pumping is employed, bags
shall be emptied to form a uniform transverse windrow across the processing
area and spread by means of a spike-tooth harrow, nail drag or other
approved equipment. A sufficient number of passes shall be made to
ensure a uniform and even distribution of cement over the area.
F.Â
Equipment for mixing the soil cement shall be a traveling
mixing machine of the multiple-pass rotary type. Window mixing will
not be permitted under any conditions. After spreading of cement has
advanced sufficiently, the developers and/or their contractors shall
proceed with dry mixing and blending together of cement and the soil
materials. The operation shall continue only until cement is sufficiently
blended with the soil to prevent formation of cement balls when water
is applied. Complete and thorough mixing of the material is not essential
for this phase of the processing.
G.Â
Water.
(1)Â
Water supply shall be adequate and the equipment for
its application and distribution shall be pressure type of such capacity
to ensure that the complete application of the total quantity required
will be accomplished within a period of not more than three hours.
(2)Â
The total quantity to be applied shall be such as
will bring the entire soil cement mixture to optimum moisture content
or slightly above. It shall not be of such excessive quantity as will
result in the mixture becoming unstable during the compaction and
finishing operation.
(3)Â
The developers and/or their contractors shall proceed
with the application and incorporation of water and mixing of the
soil cement immediately after the dry mixing is completed. Water shall
be applied uniformly, and excessive concentrations on or near the
surface shall be avoided. Each increment of water applied shall be
incorporated and mixed with the soil cement mixture before applying
the next increment.
(4)Â
After all required water has been applied, mixing
shall continue until a uniform, intimate and homogenous mixture of
soil, cement and water is obtained for the full width and required
depth of the area being processed. The mixture shall be of a uniform
color and free of wet or dry streaks or stratas.
(5)Â
The percentage of moisture in the completed mixture,
based on over-dry weight, shall not be below or more than 20% above
optimum moisture content as determined by moisture density test ASTM
Designation D-1557, Method C, on representative samples of the mixture
obtained in the area being processed.
H.Â
Shaping.
(1)Â
Compaction of the soil cement mixture shall be with
pneumatic tired or sheepsfoot rollers. Shaping shall be performed
with a motor-grader. Spike-tooth harrow or nail drag shall be employed
for removal of compaction planes.
(2)Â
The moisture content of the mixture shall be maintained
at not less than the optimum during the entire compaction operation.
The entire area shall be compacted to a density of not less than 95%
of the maximum density. Weight of roller equipment shall be the heaviest
that will not overstress the soil and not less than 12 tons.
(3)Â
Rolling shall start at the edges and proceed to the
center; compaction to specified density shall be satisfactorily completed
within a period of two hours.
(4)Â
After rolling and compaction has advanced sufficiently,
the surface shall be shaped and trued with a motor grader as necessary
to obtain uniform compaction and required grade and cross-section.
Compacting, rolling and shaping shall continue as required until the
specified density is obtained and the surface is true to line, grade
and cross section. Water shall be applied as necessary to maintain
and provide the required moisture content. Compaction planes shall
be removed from the surface by use of equipment stipulated above.
(5)Â
Final surface of pavement shall be developed by use
of steel wheel or pneumatic tired rollers, or both, compacting to
specified density. When directed, final rolling shall be supplemented
with broom drag.
(6)Â
The completed surface shall be smooth, dense, free
of compaction planes, cracks, ridges or loose materials and true to
line, grade and section. The pavement shall be at least the specified
thickness and the density not less than the minimum specified. Any
portion of the pavement found to have a density less than 95% maximum
density as determined by standard test procedures shall be rectified
or removed and replaced by the developers and/or their contractors
at no additional cost to the village.
I.Â
Curing.
(1)Â
After the soil cement has been satisfactorily finished,
the developers and/or their contractors shall cure the completed pavement
for a period of not less than three days. Bituminous material shall
be applied to the pavement surface at the approximate rate of 0.20
gallon per square yard. Curing material shall be applied not more
than 12 hours after finishing operations are completed, but not before
all excess water or moisture shall have dried from the pavement surfaces.
(2)Â
Multiple-spray equipment of an approved type shall
be employed for application of the bituminous material. The distributors
shall be so constructed as to cover not less than a ten-foot width
in one pass, with nozzles so arranged that each spray will overlap
the next by 1/2 its width. Bituminous material shall be RC-2 and rate
of application shall be such as to give complete coverage without
excessive runoff. The finished pavement shall be kept continuously
moistened with water until curing materials are applied.
J.Â
At the completion of each day's construction, a straight
construction joint shall be formed by cutting back into the completed
work to form a true vertical face for the following construction to
abut.
A.Â
The developers and/or their contractors shall be required
to retain a reputable private laboratory experienced in testing soil
cement work. The laboratory must be approved by the Engineer prior
to the start of the soil cement work. The cost of testing will be
paid by the developers and/or their contractors and included in the
price bid under this item.
B.Â
The laboratory will be required to perform the following
tests and services and provide five copies of all test results. No
soil cement work shall begin until preliminary tests have been submitted
to the Engineer and approved.
(1)Â
The laboratory will drill test holes into the completed
base pavement soils along the roadway or parking field at points no
greater than 500 feet apart in the parking fields, at the rate of
one test hole for each 1,000 square yards of pavement area and at
every location where a noticeable change in soil is evident. The laboratory
will make a composite sieve analysis of the soils in place before
the cement is added. The laboratory will provide the Engineer with
a test hole location, graphical analysis of the soils, a pH test and
organic content of each sample.
(2)Â
The laboratory will perform moisture density tests
or Modified Proctor Tests (ASTM D-1557, Method C) to determine the
optimum moisture content for the soil cement mixture.
(3)Â
The laboratory shall determine the required cement
factor for the soil cement pavement by means of the short-cut test
procedures as outlined in the Soil Cement Laboratory Handbook of the
Portland Cement Association.
(4)Â
The laboratory shall keep a technician on the site
to perform field moisture density tests; to verify the amount of cement
used; to verify the thickness of the compacted soil cement; and to
note the air temperatures during placement of the soil cement pavement.
The developers and/or their contractors shall not proceed with mixing
the cement into the subgrade unless the technician is present at the
site.
A.Â
Unless approved by the Engineer, no soil cement shall
be mixed when weather conditions indicate the temperature may within
24 hours drop to 35º F. On a rising temperature, no soil cement
shall be mixed at a temperature lower than 40º F., and only when
weather conditions indicate the temperature will be above this point
for at least 24 hours.
B.Â
When the air temperature may be expected to drop below
40º F. at any time during the day or night, a sufficient supply
of hay, straw or other material suitable for covering and protection
shall be provided at the site of the soil cement work. This hay or
straw shall be applied to the pavement surface and edges at the rate
of one bale for each 12 square yards of finished soil cement.
C.Â
Soil cement which has been damaged by freezing shall
be removed and replaced by the developers and/or their contractors
at their own expense.
A.Â
The quantity to be paid for under this article will
be the total number of square yards constructed and includes the following
work acceptably completed in accordance with the plans and specifications
and to the satisfaction of the Engineer: preparation of subbase and
base pavement soils, fine grading, prewetting, scarifying, pulverizing,
spreading, mixing, compacting and curing the soil cement base pavement.
This item shall include the cost of all laboratory testing required.
B.Â
The unit price bid for this item per square yard shall
include the cost of furnishing all labor, materials, tools, equipment
and incidentals necessary to satisfactorily complete the entire work.
C.Â
Portland cement required for the soil cement base
pavement shall be paid for separately.