A.
For all regulated activities, unless preparation of a SWM site plan is specifically exempted in § 204-13.
B.
All SWM site plans for regulated activities shall include such measures
as necessary to:
(1)
Protect health, safety, and property.
(2)
Meet the water quality goals of this chapter, as stated in § 204-3, by including measures that:
(a)
Minimize disturbance to floodplains, wetlands, wooded areas,
and existing vegetation.
(b)
Maintain or extend riparian buffers.
(c)
Avoid erosive flow conditions in natural flow pathways.
(d)
Minimize thermal impacts to waters of the commonwealth.
(e)
Disconnect impervious surfaces by directing runoff to pervious
areas.
(f)
Minimize soil disturbance and compaction.
(3)
Incorporate the techniques for low-impact development practices described
in the Pennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual (BMP
Manual).
C.
Stormwater flows onto adjacent property shall not be created, increased,
decreased, relocated, or otherwise altered without the written notification
of the adjacent property owner(s) by the developer. Copies of all
such notifications shall be included in the SWM site plan submission.
D.
For all regulated activities where erosion and sediment control is
required in accordance with Title 25 of the Pennsylvania Code and
the Clean Streams Law, the SWM site plan shall include the required
erosion and sedimentation control measures. Necessary E&S BMPs
shall be designed in accordance with the Erosion and Sediment Pollution
Control Program Manual (E&S Manual), No. 363-2134-008 (March 31,
2012), as amended and updated. Approval of the SWM site plan by Bonneauville
Borough shall be conditioned on the applicant obtaining erosion and
sedimentation control approval from the appropriate agency(ies), when
applicable.
E.
For all regulated activities where NPDES permitting is required in
accordance with the Clean Water Act [33 U.S.C. § 1251 et
seq. (1972), as amended], the SWM site plan shall include the information
required in the applicant's NPDES permit application. Approval of
the SWM site plan by Bonneauville Borough shall be conditioned on
the applicant obtaining NPDES permit approval from the appropriate
agency(ies), when applicable.
G.
Special management areas: SWM site plans involving regulated activities
within special management areas shall be prepared in a manner consistent
with the guidance provided in Chapter 7 of the BMP Manual. The SWM
site plan submission shall include design details for SWM BMPs within
said special management area.
H.
A SWM site plan may propose that stormwater related to the proposed
regulated activities be accommodated by existing stormwater management
facilities on adjoining or nearby properties, provided that the SWM
site plan documents the following.
(1)
The use of the stormwater management facilities located on said adjoining
or nearby property is approved in writing by the owner of the property.
(2)
The stormwater management facilities located on said adjoining or
nearby property are designed in a manner that can accommodate the
stormwater management needs of the regulated activity in a manner
consistent with all requirements of this chapter. The SWM site plan
shall include all documentation necessary for Bonneauville Borough
to confirm such compliance.
I.
The design storm volumes to be used in the analysis of peak rates
of discharge shall be obtained from the Precipitation-Frequency Atlas
of the United States, Atlas 14, Volume 2, Version 3.0, as amended
and updated, United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Weather Service, Hydro
Meteorological Design Studies Center, Silver Spring, Maryland.
(1)
NOAA's Atlas 14 can be accessed at: http://hdsc.nws.noaa.gov/hdsc/pfds/.
(2)
If access to the website is unavailable, then the design storm depths
to be used are as follows:
Design Storm and Rainfall Depths
| |
---|---|
Return Period
(years)
|
24 Hour Rainfall Depth
(inches)
|
1
|
2.46
|
2
|
2.96
|
5
|
3.72
|
10
|
4.39
|
25
|
5.44
|
50
|
6.39
|
100
|
7.51
|
J.
Peak discharge rate should be calculated using methods based on NRCS soil-cover complex-based methodology as described under § 204-21 and should reflect the effects of proposed runoff capture and water quality enhancement measures upon peak discharge rates.
K.
Peak discharge rates may be computed using the Rational Formula when
the NRCS Soil-Cover Complex Method is not applicable.
L.
SWM site plans, once approved by Bonneauville Borough, shall remain
on site throughout the duration of the regulated activity and be available
for review as may be necessary by representatives of Bonneauville
Borough.
M.
The design of all facilities over karst shall include an evaluation
of measures to minimize adverse effects.
N.
Bonneauville Borough may, after consultation with DEP, approve measures
for meeting the state water quality requirements other than those
in this chapter, provided that they meet the minimum requirements
of, and do not conflict with, state law including, but not limited
to, the Clean Streams Law. The municipality shall maintain a record
of consultations with DEP pursuant to this subsection.
A.
A property owner or developer of any regulated activity that meets
the following exemption criteria is, upon approval from Bonneauville
Borough, exempt from the formal SWM plan submission requirements of
this chapter as specified herein. However, the property owner or developer
shall be subject to all other requirements of this chapter other than
the formal SWM plan submission requirements for which an exemption
or exemptions have been authorized. The criteria for exemption in
this section apply to the total development proposed, including instances
in which the development is proposed to take place in phases. The
date of enactment of this chapter shall be the starting point from
which future development and the respective exemption criteria shall
be cumulatively considered and regulated.
(1)
Regulated activities that involve equal to or less than 1,000 square
feet of impervious surface may be exempted from the peak rate control,
volume control and the SWM site plan preparation and submission requirements
of this chapter. The applicant shall complete Page 1 of the Municipal
Stormwater Management Worksheet from the Stormwater Management Design
Assistance Manual (See Appendix C.[1]) and file said worksheet with Bonneauville Borough.
[1]
Editor's Note: Said appendix is on file in the Borough offices.
(2)
Regulated activities that involve greater than 1,000 square feet
and equal to or less than 10,000 square feet of impervious area, and
where all the proposed impervious area can be entirely disconnected,
may be exempted from the peak rate control, volume control, and the
SWM site plan preparation and submission requirements of this chapter.
The applicant shall complete the Stormwater Management Worksheets
from the Stormwater Management Design Assistance Manual (See Appendix
C.[2]) and file said worksheets with Bonneauville Borough.
[2]
Editor's Note: Said appendix is on file in the Borough offices.
(3)
Regulated activities that involve greater than 1,000 square feet
and equal to or less than 5,000 square feet of impervious area may
be exempted from the peak rate control and volume control preparation
and submission requirements of this chapter. A minor stormwater site
plan, as detailed in the Stormwater Management Design Assistance Manual
(See Appendix C.[3]), shall be submitted to Bonneauville Borough instead of the submission of a full SWM site plan in accordance with Article IV of this chapter.
[3]
Editor's Note: Said appendix is on file in the Borough offices.
(4)
Agricultural activities shall be exempt from the rate control, volume control and SWM site plan preparation and submission requirements of this chapter, provided the agricultural activities are performed in accordance with the requirements of 25 Pa. Code 102. Further, such activities shall not be subject to the exemption approval process of § 204-13B of this chapter.
(5)
Forest management and timber operations are exempted from the rate
control, volume control and SWM site plan preparation and submission
requirements of this chapter, provided the forest management and timber
operations are performed in accordance with the requirements of 25
Pa. Code 102.
(6)
Regulated activities involving domestic gardening for single-family consumption shall be exempted from volume control, rate control, and SWM site plan preparation and submission requirements of this chapter, and shall not be subject to the exemption approval process of § 204-13B of this chapter.
(7)
In-kind repair, in-kind replacement, and maintenance of existing surfaces, and structures shall be exempted from volume control, rate control, and SWM site plan preparation and submission requirements of this chapter, and shall not be subject to the exemption approval process of § 204-13B of this chapter.
B.
Authorization of exemptions: Bonneauville Borough shall determine,
in accordance with the following requirements and process, whether
a proposed regulated activity may be exempted from any of the requirements
of this chapter.
(1)
The property owner or developer proposing the regulated activity shall submit, in writing, a request for said proposed regulated activity to be exempted from the allowable requirements of this chapter pursuant to Subsection A. The written request shall identify the specific exemption criteria, as listed in § 204-13A, that shall apply to the project.
(2)
Upon receipt of the exemption request in a form as stated, Bonneauville
Borough or its designee shall review and approve or deny the exemption
request. If the exemption request is denied, the Bonneauville Borough
or its designee shall direct the property owner or developer to submit
the information required to demonstrate that the proposed regulated
activity complies with the requirements of this chapter or meets the
exemption criteria.
(3)
Exemption request approval shall be at the discretion of Bonneauville
Borough, and shall be subject to the following:
(a)
Bonneauville Borough may deny any exemption request or suspend
or revoke any approved exemption request at any time for any project
where Bonneauville Borough believes that the proposed regulated activity
poses a threat to public health, safety, property, or the environment.
(b)
Approval of an exemption request does not relieve the property
owner or developer from other applicable requirements of this chapter
or of other Bonneauville Borough ordinance or regulations.
(c)
Bonneauville Borough reserves the right to deny an exemption
request if a drainage problem is known or identified by Bonneauville
Borough to exist or is expected to exist downstream from the proposed
regulated activity.
A.
Impervious area.
(1)
The measurement of impervious areas shall include all of the impervious
areas in the total proposed development, even if development is to
take place in phases.
(2)
For development taking place in phases, the total proposed impervious
area within the SWM site plan must be used in determining conformance
with this chapter.
(3)
For projects that add impervious area to a parcel, the total impervious area on the parcel is subject to the requirements of this chapter; except that the volume controls in § 204-15 and the peak rate controls of § 204-16 do not need to be retrofitted to existing impervious areas that are not being altered by the proposed regulated activity.
B.
Normally dry, open-top storage facilities, designed as such, shall
completely drain both the volume control and rate control capacities
over a period of time not less than 24 hours and not more than 72
hours from the end of the design storm. However, any designed infiltration
volume at such facilities is exempt from the minimum twenty-four-hour
standard, i.e., may infiltrate in a shorter period of time, so long
as none of the stormwater intended for infiltration is discharged
into the surface waters of the commonwealth.
C.
Infiltration BMPs shall be spread out, made as shallow as practicable,
and located to maximize use of natural on-site infiltration features
while still meeting the other requirements of this chapter.
The low-impact development practices provided in the BMP Manual shall be utilized for all regulated activities. Water volume controls shall be implemented using the Design Storm Method in § 204-15A or the Simplified Method in § 204-15B. For regulated activity involving less than one acre of impervious coverage that does not require hydrologic routing to design the stormwater facilities, the applicant may select either methodology on the basis of economic considerations, the intrinsic limitations on applicability of the analytical procedures associated with each methodology, and/or other factors. The Design Storm Method in § 204-15A shall be used for all regulated activity involving greater than one acre of impervious coverage.
A.
The Design Storm Method (CG-1 in the BMP Manual) may be used for
any size of regulated activity. This method requires detailed modeling
to achieve the following standards.
(1)
The post-development total runoff volume shall not increase for all
storms equal to or less than the two-year twenty-four-hour duration
precipitation.
B.
The Simplified Method (CG-2 in the BMP Manual) is independent of
site conditions and may be used for projects involving regulated activities
proposing equal to or less than one acre of impervious coverage and
that do not require design of stormwater storage facilities. When
the Simplified Method is used to address stormwater management needs
of new impervious surfaces, the following design standards shall be
achieved:
(1)
Stormwater facilities shall capture at least the first two inches
of runoff from all new impervious surfaces.
(2)
At least the first one inch of runoff from new impervious surfaces
shall be permanently removed from the runoff flow and shall not be
released into the surface waters of the commonwealth. Removal options
for the first one inch of runoff include, but are not necessarily
limited to, reuse and infiltration.
(3)
Infiltration facilities shall be designed to accommodate infiltration of as much of the permanently removed runoff as site conditions will allow. If the soils within the project area do not allow for infiltration of the entire first one inch of runoff from new impervious surfaces, other forms of runoff volume control shall be used to achieve the required removal volume. Such measures may include, but are not limited to, vegetated roofs, biorention, and capture-and-reuse systems. In addition, the infiltration alternative authorized in § 204-15C may be employed.
C.
Infiltration alternative. Where infiltration is not possible due to soil characteristics or is not desirable given other characteristics, water quality control may be proposed as an alternative to strict adherence to the volume control standards of § 204-15 of this chapter. Where water quality control is proposed, the following standards shall be achieved.
(1)
At a minimum, the following documentation shall be provided to justify
the proposal to reduce the infiltration requirements:
(a)
Description of and justification for field infiltration/permeability
testing with respect to the type of test and test locations.
(b)
An interpretive narrative describing existing soils of the site
and their structure as these relate to the interaction between soils
and water characteristics of the site. In addition to providing soil
and soil profile descriptions, this narrative shall identify depth
to seasonal water tables and depth to bedrock and provide a description
of all subsurface elements (restrictive layers, geology, etc.) that
influence the direction and rate of subsurface water movement.
(c)
A qualitative assessment of the site's contribution to annual
aquifer recharge shall be made, along with the identification of any
restrictions or limitations associated with the use of designed infiltration
facilities.
(d)
The provided documentation must be signed and sealed by a professional
engineer or geologist.
(2)
Water quality BMPs shall be implemented on all permanent stormwater
discharges from the proposed project site to achieve pollutant removal
efficiencies in accordance with the Table 204-15.1.
Table 204-15.1 Required Pollutant Removal Efficiencies
for Infiltration Alternatives
| ||
---|---|---|
Pollutant Load
|
Units
|
Required Removal Efficiency (%)
|
Total suspended solids (TSS)
|
Pounds
|
85%
|
Total phosphorus (TP)
|
Pounds
|
85%
|
Total nitrate (NO3)
|
Pounds
|
50%
|
(3)
Design guidance from the most current version of the Pennsylvania
Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual, or equivalent resource
as precoordinated with Bonneauville Borough, shall be consulted when
choosing design criteria for water quality BMPs.
A.
Post-development discharge rates shall not exceed the predevelopment
discharge rates for the one-, two-, five-, ten-, twenty-five-, fifty-,
and one-hundred-year, twenty-four-hour storms. If it is shown that
the peak rates of discharge indicated by the post-development analysis
are less than or equal to the peak rates of discharge indicated by
the predevelopment analysis for one-, two-, five-, ten-, twenty-five-,
fifty-, and one-hundred-year twenty-four-hour storms, then the requirements
of this section have been met. Otherwise, the applicant shall provide
additional controls as necessary to satisfy the peak rate of discharge
requirement.
B.
For computation of predevelopment peak discharge rates, 20% of existing
impervious areas, when present, shall be considered meadow.
Where an applicant proposes to utilize riparian buffers as the
means to meet the requirements of this chapter, said riparian buffers
shall be established and/or maintained in accordance with the BMP
Manual or the publication Riparian Forest Buffer Guidance, published
November 2010, by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection,
and as may be amended or updated.
A.
Any drain or conveyance, whether on the surface or subsurface, that
allows any nonstormwater discharge including sewage, process wastewater,
and wash water to enter the waters of the commonwealth is prohibited.
C.
The following discharges are authorized unless they are determined
to be significant contributors to pollution to the waters of the commonwealth:
(1)
Discharges from firefighting activities.
(2)
Potable water sources including waterline flushing.
(3)
Irrigation drainage.
(4)
Air-conditioning condensate.
(5)
Springs.
(6)
Water from crawl space pumps.
(7)
Pavement wash waters where spills or leaks of toxic or hazardous
materials have not occurred (unless all spill material has been removed)
and where detergents are not used.
(8)
Diverted stream flows.
(9)
Flows from riparian habitats and wetlands.
(10)
Uncontaminated water from foundations or from footing drains.
(11)
Lawn watering.
(12)
Dechlorinated swimming pool discharges.
(13)
Uncontaminated groundwater.
(14)
Water from individual residential car washing.
(15)
Routine external building wash-down (which does not use detergents
or other compounds).
(16)
Water discharged in well testing for potable water supplies.
Roof drains, sump pumps, and footer drains should discharge
to infiltration or vegetative BMPs and, to the maximum extent practicable,
satisfy the criteria for DIAs. Discharges of each should be conveyed
in such a manner as to not cause water problems for adjoining property
owners.
No person shall modify, remove, fill, landscape, or alter any
SWM BMPs, facilities, areas, or structures in a manner, without the
written approval of Bonneauville Borough, with the exception of necessary
maintenance activities such as mowing.
A.
General criteria.
(1)
Applicants may select runoff control techniques, or a combination
of techniques, which are most suitable to control stormwater runoff
from the development site. All controls shall be subject to approval
of the municipality. The municipality may request specific information
on design and/or operating features of the proposed stormwater controls
in order to determine their suitability and adequacy in terms of the
standards of this section.
(a)
The applicant should consider the effect of the proposed stormwater
management techniques on any special soil conditions or geological
hazards that may exist on the development site. In the event such
conditions are identified on the site, the municipality may require
in-depth studies by a qualified professional. Not all stormwater control
methods may be advisable or allowable at a particular development
site. Aboveground storage facilities shall be a minimum of 50 feet
away from existing or proposed dwellings.
[1]
In developing a stormwater management plan for a particular
site; stormwater controls shall be selected according to the following
order of preference:
[2]
Infiltration practices shall be used to the extent practicable
to reduce volume increases and promote groundwater recharge. A combination
of successive practices may be used to achieve the applicable minimum
control requirements. Justification shall be provided by the applicant
for rejecting each of the preferred practices based on actual site
conditions.
[3]
Open detention/retention facilities shall not be permitted within
residential areas as part of an infill project.
[a]
The applicant may request a waiver from requirement.
All such requests for waiver shall be submitted in writing.
[b]
It shall be the responsibility of the applicant
for a waiver of this part to show that the modification will not create
a safety risk that the modification is consistent with the best management
practices and current engineering design standards.
B.
Design standards: detention and retention basins.
(1)
Any stormwater management facility (i.e., detention basin) designed
to store runoff and requiring a berm or earthen embankment required
or regulated by this chapter shall be designed to provide an emergency
spillway to handle flow up to and including the one-hundred-year post-development
conditions. The following basin requirements shall be met:
(a)
All basins shall be structurally sound and shall be constructed
of sound and durable materials. The completed structure and the foundation
of all basins shall be stable under all probable conditions of operation
and shall be capable of discharging the peak discharge of a post-development
one-hundred-year storm event through the primary emergency and/or
spillway facilities, in a condition that assumes the primary outlet(s)
are blocked, which will not damage the integrity of the facility or
the downstream drainage areas.
(b)
The effect on downstream areas if the basin embankment fails
shall be considered in the design of all basins. Where possible, the
basin shall be designed to minimize the potential damage caused by
such failure of the embankment.
(c)
All detention basins shall include an outlet structure to permit
draining the basin to a completely dry position within 48 hours.
(d)
All outlet structures and emergency spillways shall include
a satisfactory means of dissipating the energy of flow at its outlet
to assure conveyance of flow without endangering the safety and integrity
of the basin and the downstream drainage area.
(e)
A cutoff trench of relatively impervious clay material shall
be provided within all basin embankments, except for those embankments
with side slopes of three horizontal to one vertical or flatter. Embankments
with flatter side slopes shall have a key trench.
(f)
All culverts through basin embankments shall have properly spaced
concrete cutoff collars or welded anti-seep collars.
(g)
A minimum one-foot freeboard above the design elevation of the
water surface at the emergency spillway shall be provided.
(h)
No outlet structure from a detention basin or swale shall discharge
directly onto a road but shall discharge into a culvert under a road.
(i)
The minimum top width of dams up to 10 feet in height shall
be equal to 2/3 of the dam height, but in no case shall the top width
be less than five feet.
(j)
Appropriate easements to enclose and permit access to all detention
and retention facilities shall be provided.
(k)
Fencing shall be required around all basins unless a waiver
is granted by the Borough.
(2)
Should any stormwater management facility require a dam safety permit
under PADEP Chapter 105, the facility shall be designed in accordance
with Chapter 105 and meet the regulations of Chapter 105 concerning
dam safety which may be required to pass storms larger than one-hundred-year
event.
C.
Any facilities that constitute water obstructions (e.g., culverts,
bridges, outfalls, or stream enclosures), and any work involving wetlands
as directed in PADEP Chapter 105 regulations (as amended or replaced
from time to time by PADEP), shall be designed in accordance with
Chapter 105 and will require a permit from PADEP. Any facility that
constitutes a dam as defined in PADEP Chapter 105 regulations may
require a permit under dam safety regulations.
D.
Any facility located with a PennDOT right-of-way, or draining toward
a PennDOT right-of-way, must meet PennDOT's minimum design standards
and it must comply with PennDOT's highway occupancy permit requirements
(67 Pa. Code, Chapter 441).
E.
Any drainage conveyance facility and/or channel that does not fall
under Chapter 105 regulations must be able to convey, without damage
to the drainage structure or roadway, runoff from the ten-year design
storm. Conveyance facilities to or existing from stormwater management
facilities (i.e., detention basins) shall be designed to convey the
design flow to or from that structure. Roadway crossings located within
designated floodplain areas must be able to convey runoff from a one-hundred-year
design storm.
F.
Storm sewers must be able to convey post-development runoff from
a ten-year design storm without surcharging inlets, where appropriate.
For drainage design, refer to PennDOT Design Manual, Part 2, Chapter
10. The minimum diameter of storm pipe within a road right-of-way
shall be 15 inches for circular pipe. The maximum flow to a type C,
M or S inlet grate shall not exceed four cfs.
G.
Adequate erosion protection shall be provided along all open channels,
and at all points of discharge.
H.
The municipality shall reserve the right to disapprove any design
that would result in the occupancy or continuation of an adverse hydrologic
or hydraulic condition within the watershed.
I.
Time of concentration.
(1)
All conveyance piping calculations performed using the Rational Method
should use rainfall intensities consistent with appropriate times
of concentration for overland flow and return periods. A five-minute
storm duration shall be used if this duration does not result in a
maximum expected discharge that exceeds the capacity of a thirty-inch
pipe. For undeveloped areas, times of concentration may be computed
using a SCS equation for lag time (Tlag).
(2)
For developed areas, times of concentration for overland flow should
be calculated using the methodology presented in Chapter 3 of Urban
Hydrology for Small Watersheds, NRCS, TR-55 (as amended or replaced
from time to time by NRCS).
(3)
Time of concentration (travel time) for channel and pipe flow shall
be using flow velocity computed by the Manning's Equation. Normally,
pipes are assumed to be flowing full.
J.
Runoff curve numbers (CN) for both existing and proposed conditions
to be used in the Soil-Cover-Complex Method shall be obtained from
the publication Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds, NRCS, TR-55,
current edition.
K.
Runoff coefficient (c) for both existing and proposed conditions
for use in the Rational Method shall be as provided in Appendix B.[1]
[1]
Editor's Note: Said appendix is included as an attachment to this chapter.
L.
Where uniform flow is anticipated, the Manning Equation shall be
used for hydraulic computations, and to determine the capacity of
open channels, pipes, and storm sewers. Values for Manning's roughness
coefficient (n) shall be consistent with and shall be obtained from
the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation publication Design Manual,
Part 2, Highway Design Publication 13M, current edition.
M.
Outlet structures for stormwater management facilities shall be designed
to meet the performance standards of this chapter using any generally
accepted hydraulic analysis technique or methods.
N.
The design of any stormwater detention facilities intended to meet
the performance standards of this chapter shall be verified by routing
the design storm hydrograph through these facilities using the storage-indication
methods.
O.
For drainage areas greater than 20 acres in size, the design storm
hydrograph shall be computed using a calculation method that produces
a full hydrograph. The municipality may approve the use of any generally
accepted full hydrograph approximation technique, which shall use
a total runoff volume that is consistent with the volume from a method
that produces a full hydrograph.
P.
The municipality may require that computed existing runoff rates
be reconciled (calibrated) with field observations and site history.
Calibration should be based on detailed data, preferably rainfall
and stream gage records, for the particular site in question.
A.
Whenever the vegetation and topography are to be disturbed, such activity must be in conformance with Chapter 102, Title 25, Rules and Regulations, Part I, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Protection, Subpart C, protection of Natural Resources, Article II, Water Resources, Chapter 102, Erosion Control, and in accordance with the Adams County Conservation District (ACCD) and the standards and specifications of the appropriate municipal government.
B.
Additional erosion and sedimentation control design standards and
criteria that must be or are recommended to be applied where infiltration
BMPs are proposed and include the following:
(1)
Areas proposed for infiltration BMPs shall be protected from sedimentation
and compaction during the construction phase, so as to maintain their
maximum infiltration capacity.
(2)
Infiltration BMPs shall not be constructed nor receive runoff until
the entire contributory drainage area to the infiltration BMP has
received final stabilization.
C.
An erosion and sedimentation control plan approval is required from
ACCD for sites disturbing more than 0.5 acre of land unless a waiver
is granted from the Borough.