Editor's Note — Beyond the scope of this
Chapter, the "Engineering and Plan Preparation Manual for Public Facilities"
shall be followed by all persons planning or constructing any public
facility within the city. Same can be found in Appendix A to Title
IV of this Code. [Ord. No. 2882 § 1, 8-2-2010]
[CC 1988 § 47.010; Ord. No. 578 § 1, 10-17-1988; Ord. No. 1323 § 1, 7-20-1998; Ord. No. 1577 § 1, 2-5-2001; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
A.
Purpose. The purpose of the regulations in this Chapter shall effectively
minimize soil erosion and sedimentation during land development, building,
landscaping or any other type land disturbance. Further, to provide
builders, developers and property owners with soil erosion and sedimentation
control standards and regulations. The regulations and standards herein
shall accomplish the following:
1.
Establish standards for soil erosion and sedimentation control.
2.
Minimize soil erosion and sedimentation during land development,
building, landscaping or other land disturbing activities.
3.
Minimize pollution of streams, ponds and lakes.
4.
Encourage management of natural resources.
5.
Preserve the beauty of the community and the value of the land.
6.
Reduce maintenance costs of public and private improvements
and services.
7.
Promote and protect the public's health, safety, comfort
and welfare.
8.
Establish cash escrows to guarantee the performance and maintenance
of erosion and sediment control devices or measures.
[CC 1988 § 47.020; Ord. No. 578 § 1, 10-17-1988; Ord. No. 1323 § 1, 7-20-1998; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
A.
Erosion and water runoff are inevitable, but their harmful effects
are not.
B.
Land management practices that pollute waterways or contribute to
erosion shall not be tolerated.
C.
The City does require that job sites and public streets be kept clean.
D.
Buildings shall be designed to fit the site rather than altering
the site to fit the building.
E.
Every effort shall be made to preserve mature trees.
F.
Grading and other land disturbing activities shall be minimized.
Sites shall be graded only where necessary to provide safe access
and to accommodate construction.
G.
Enforcement shall be based on the City Development Administrator's
interpretation of these regulations.
[CC 1988 § 47.030; Ord. No. 578 § 1, 10-17-1988; Ord. No. 1323 § 1, 7-20-1998; Ord. No. 1899 § 1, 9-23-2003; Ord. No. 2882 § 2, 8-2-2010; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
[Ord. No. 2882 § 3, 8-2-2010; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
A.
Required. No grading shall be commenced in the City, except as hereinafter
provided, without first obtaining a grading permit.
B.
Not Required In Certain Cases. No grading permit shall be required
for the following classes of grading operations:
1.
Building Permit. Under provisions of a duly issued building
permit where no grading is involved except excavation for the basement
or footings and the backfilling thereof and there is no filling in
excess of five hundred (500) cubic yards.
2.
Incidental Excavations, Grading Or Filling. Excavation and removal
of excavated material and filling provided such operation is clearly
incidental to the improvement of the property, consists of not more
than fifty (50) cubic yards of material and the area is graded and
covered by revegetation or other suitable means immediately thereafter.
3.
Excavation For Streets And Drains. Necessary grading or removal
or excavation of soil or other material within the limits of the right-of-way
or slope rights of any existing street or for the purpose of constructing
streets and other related improvements within the area of new subdivisions
when made in accordance with approved subdivision plans and for which
the appropriate permits have been issued for street and drain construction.
4.
Other Construction Work. Construction work relating to drains,
utilities or sanitary sewer systems for which a street opening or
other necessary permit has been issued by the City.
5.
Farming. The lawful use of land for farming, nurseries or gardening
or similar agricultural or horticultural use whenever there is substantial
compliance with recommendations or standards of the local soil conservation
authority.
[Ord. No. 2882 § 3, 8-2-2010; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
A.
Application for a grading permit shall be made by the property owner
or his/her authorized agent and shall be made to the City Engineer
on forms provided by him/her and shall be accompanied by a detailed
statement of proposed work, the purpose thereof and why the excavation,
grading or filling is clearly incidental to the improvement of the
property. An application shall be accompanied by the following:
1.
Two (2) sets of maps and plans with specifications showing proposed
excavation, grading or filling. Such plans shall be prepared by and
shall bear the seal of a licensed engineer, or other professional
as required by Chapter 327, RSMo. All such plans shall be drawn to
a scale of not less than one (1) inch equals one hundred (100) feet
and shall show the following:
a.
Full name and address of owner of property;
b.
Designation of property by street address;
c.
The location of the premises and its geographic relation to
neighboring properties showing all buildings and roads within one
hundred (100) feet of the boundaries of the plot on which the excavation,
grading or filling is proposed;
d.
The portion of the property that is to be excavated, graded
or filled with excavated material;
e.
The estimated maximum quantity of material to be excavated,
graded or filled and the estimated part thereof that will be used
for grading or filling;
f.
The location of any sewerage disposal system or underground
utility line, any part of which is within fifty (50) feet of the proposed
excavation, grading or filling area and the location of any gas transmission
pipe line operated at a maximum service pressure in excess of two
hundred (200) pounds per square inch gauge, any part of which is within
one hundred (100) feet of the proposed excavation, grading or filling
area;
g.
Existing topography and grade of the premises at a contour interval
of not more than two (2) feet and the proposed final contour and finished
grade elevation at intervals of not more than two (2) feet; except
that whenever the existing grade is extremely steep and hilly, the
contour intervals may be not more than five (5) feet, if approval
is first secured from the City Engineer;
h.
The location and present status of any previous permitted grading
operations on the property;
i.
The details of any drainage system proposed to be installed
and maintained by the applicant, designed to provide for proper surface
drainage for land, both during the performance of the work applied
for and after the completion thereof;
j.
If the proposed excavation or filling is for the purpose of
constructing a lake or pond, the details of the proposed dam or other
structures and the embankments intended to impound the water, together
with the details and locations of the proposed discharge to a valved
outlet for drainage purposes and the proposed level of any impounded
water;
k.
Erosion and Sediment Control Plan;
l.
The proposed truck and equipment access ways to the work site;
m.
The flow lines of surface water drainage, streams and any existing
farm drains, inlets and outfalls, springs or other flowing wells,
and width of stream beds or flowage lines;
n.
A comprehensive drainage plan designed to handle safely the
surface water, streams or other natural drains following heavy rain
storms during grading operations;
o.
Proposed debris basins, grass waterways and diversions;
p.
A statement from the property owner or his/her agent assuming
full responsibility for the performance of the operation as stated
in the application. This statement shall also contain an assurance
that all City property or City roads will be protected adequately.
q.
The requirement for engineered drawings may be waived by the
Public Works Director for excavations of less than one hundred (100)
cubic yards total (sum of cut and fill) where other regulations do
not require engineered drawings.
2.
For excavations, grading or filling requiring a permit, the
permit fee shall be twenty-five dollars ($25.00) per permit or plan
set. This charge is not refundable.
4.
The applicant shall submit with the application a statement
showing estimated time lapse of rough grading, finished grading and
revegetation.
[Ord. No. 2882 § 3, 8-2-2010; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
A.
The City Engineer shall establish the amount of the performance bond,
if any, and if the application and plan comply with the standards
contained in this Chapter, he/she shall issue a permit in accordance
therewith. In acting upon such an application and plan, the City Engineer
shall be guided by and shall take into consideration the public health,
safety and general welfare and particular consideration shall be given
as to whether the plan will create any of the following conditions:
1.
Interference with surface water flow and drainage;
2.
Interference with lateral supports and slopes;
3.
Excessive erosion, alteration of the natural topography and
grade of land, depletion of natural deposits of topsoil and other
natural materials, disturbance of the plant and wildlife, creation
of nuisance and dangerous open pits and creation of stagnant water
pools.
B.
The City Engineer may impose such conditions or requirements upon
the issuance of a permit as he/she deems necessary or proper to assure
faithful compliance with the Chapter.
[Ord. No. 2882 § 3, 8-2-2010; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
A permit issued under Section 540.031, et seq., shall expire one (1) year from the date of issuance, except that the City Engineer may, for due cause shown, extend any permit for one (1) year periods after complete review of all plans and examination of work accomplished and proposed, provided application is made at least thirty (30) days prior to the expiration date of such permit. In no case shall a permit be extended if the provisions of this regulation have not been complied with, provided that, in connection with continuing operations, the City Engineer may waive, for a one-year period, those requirements which would make continuing operations impractical.
[CC 1988 § 47.040; Ord. No. 578 § 1, 10-17-1988; Ord. No. 1323 § 1, 7-20-1998; Ord. No. 2882 § 4, 8-2-2010; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
A.
The erosion and sedimentation control plan is prepared by the developer
and outlines the measures he/she will take to insure soil and sediment
is contained on the development site.
B.
The erosion and sedimentation control plan indicates the proposed
phasing of the project to include: clearing, rough grading, construction,
final grading and landscaping. Phasing identifies the date clearing
will begin, how long cleared areas will be exposed and the sequence
of clearing, installing sediment control measures, installing storm
drainage, paving streets and parking areas and establishing a vegetative
cover.
C.
The erosion and sedimentation control plan includes a one (1) inch
equals fifty (50) feet scale map of the site showing proposed excavation,
grading or filling. It also includes:
1.
The property owner's name, address and telephone number.
2.
Location Map. Scale: One (1) inch equals one thousand (1,000)
feet.
3.
Location of proposed and existing utility lines.
4.
Existing and proposed contours at two (2) foot intervals on
USGS datum.
5.
Details of temporary drainage system to direct stormwater runoff
from graded portions of the site.
6.
Details of the permanent drainage plan.
7.
Details of water impoundment structures (straw bales, silt fences,
sediment basins, diversions, etc., and proposed stable outlets).
8.
Details for soil preparation and revegetation and any other
erosion control methods, e.g., contour furrowing, vegetation mats,
etc.
9.
Delineation of one-hundred-year flood plain and floodway.
10.
Clearing limits.
11.
Temporary access routes.
D.
For small and or short duration grading activities the Director of
Public Works may allow an applicant to substitute a letter describing
erosion and sediment counter measures (Best Management Practices)
and an onsite review meeting with the Public Works Director or his/her
designee. Such a letter will serve as the Erosion and Sediment Control
Plan for the work.
E.
Additional erosion and sedimentation control measures may be imposed
by the Planning and Zoning Commission or the City Engineer.
[CC 1988 § 47.050; Ord. No. 578 § 1, 10-17-1988; Ord. No. 1323 § 1, 7-20-1998; Ord. No. 1748 § 1, 8-5-2002; Ord. No. 2882 § 5, 8-2-2010; Ord. No. 2969 § 4, 4-18-2011; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
A.
Slope changes shall be designed to keep slope lengths and gradients
to a minimum. Finished grades in excess of twenty percent (20%) slopes
(five to one (5:1)) shall be hydro-seeded and mulched at one hundred
(100) pounds per one thousand (1,000) square feet. Finished grades
shall not exceed a three to one (3:1) slope (thirty-three percent
(33%)) unless the excavation is through rock or the excavation or
fill is adequately protected (a designed head wall or toe wall may
be required). Retaining walls greater than four (4) feet in height
shall be considered permanent structures and shall be constructed
in accordance with the requirements of the International Building
Code or the International Residential Code as adopted by the City
of Lake Saint Louis as part of the Comprehensive Construction Code.
B.
Sediment and erosion control plans shall provide for sediment or
debris basins, silt traps or filters, staked straw bales or other
approved measures to remove sediment from runoff waters. Developments
of two (2) acres or more shall be required to construct sediment basins.
Siltation control measures shall be initiated prior to any land disturbance
and shall be maintained until vegetative cover is established at a
sufficient density to provide erosion control on the site.
C.
Temporary access shall be provided for all construction sites prior
to any land disturbance to minimize curb damage and mud deposits on
the streets. Said temporary access paths shall be rocked to a minimum
depth of four (4) inches. An underlayment of stabilization fabric
is required to keep the rock from becoming saturated with mud. Note,
for residential lots temporary driveways are to be rocked immediately
after foundation walls are backfilled and before the subfloor installation.
All deliveries of material to the construction site shall be required
to use the temporary driveway.
D.
Where natural vegetation is removed during grading, revegetation
of the site shall be initiated as soon as is practicable following
the initiation of grading work. Vegetation in sufficient density to
provide effective erosion control must be re-established within thirty
(30) days following completion of major grading work. Unless otherwise
approved in the phasing and sequencing provisions of the site's
approved Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plan, temporary seeding
(applied at a sufficient density, along with mulch and fertilizer
as detailed in the "Engineering and Plan Preparation Manual" found
in Appendix A to Title IV) must occur within fifteen (15) days following
the commencement of major grading activities. Permanent type grasses
shall be established as soon as possible after grading has been completed.
Cultivation of seed and continued maintenance of site in such a manner
as to assure germination and healthy vegetative cover is the responsibility
of the developer.
E.
When grading operations are completed or suspended for thirty (30)
days, permanent grass must be established at sufficient density to
provide effective erosion control. Between permanent grass seeding
periods, temporary cover shall be provided.
F.
Increased runoff caused by changed soil and surface conditions during
and after grading must be accommodated. Whenever there is an increase
in the amount or velocity of surface runoff, channels will be stabilized
adequately to prevent erosion. Where water runoff is fast enough to
cause significant erosion, debris or sediment basins, diversions or
other appropriate structures shall be constructed.
G.
Sites shall be laid out to provide positive drainage. Individual
site drainage shall be coordinated with the area's general storm
drainage pattern. Drainage shall be away from buildings and designed
to prevent stormwater runoff from flowing onto adjacent properties.
1.
No water runoff shall drain directly or indirectly into a sanitary
sewer.
2.
Ground adjoining development sites shall be protected from accelerated
and increased surface water, silt and other effects of erosion.
3.
Water runoff from parking lots, paved sites, buildings, etc.,
above the area to be developed shall be directed to debris or sediment
basins, diversions, concrete gutters and/or underground outlet systems.
H.
Buildings, decks, patios, parking lots and other improvements shall
be set back a minimum of twenty-five (25) feet from the top of existing
stream banks. Variances will include designed streambank erosion control
measures and shall be approved by the City Engineer or Building Inspector.
FEMA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers guidelines shall apply for site
development in areas designated as flood plains and/or wetlands. Every
effort shall be made to protect permanent vegetation from harm during
the construction process.
I.
Occupancy permits will not be issued until final grading has been
completed and lots have been seeded and mulched or sodded. When conditions
prevent ground cover from being established, an occupancy permit may
be issued by submitting an escrow deposit sufficient to guarantee
completion.
J.
Erosion and Sediment Control Plans are understood to be inexact.
City staff shall have the authority to require additional countermeasures
consistent with policies and standards adopted by the City when the
countermeasures or best management practices installed or employed
by the contractor on a site are deemed inadequate or ineffective.
Those additional measures must be maintained as if a part of the original
Erosion and Sediment Control Plan.
[CC 1988 § 47.060; Ord. No. 578 § 1, 10-17-1988; Ord. No. 1323 § 1, 7-20-1998; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
A.
No land disturbing, construction or other associated activities are
permitted that cause mud, soil, earth, sand, gravel, rock, stone,
concrete, building materials or other materials to be deposited on
public streets. Trucks and other construction equipment should be
cleaned on site to prevent mud from being deposited on public streets.
B.
If mud, material or debris is deposited on a public or private street,
the general contractor, subdivision representative, firm or corporation
responsible for the development site concerned shall have the responsibility
to take reasonable steps to modify the practices on the site to eliminate
further deposits on the street and must remove the same from the street
throughout the day as practical to provide for safe operation and
use of the street by the public. For collector and arterial streets,
the City Inspector may require mechanical sweeping of the street up
to three (3) times per day in addition to other measures deemed necessary
for safe operation of the street. For local streets the responsible
party must clean the street of all debris at the end of each working
day.
C.
Mud deposited on the street as a result of stormwater BMP failures shall be removed within twenty-four (24) hours of a notice issued in accordance with Section 540.070.
D.
Notification will be made by personal contact, telephone, electronic
mail, or the site will be posted. The notification will include the
time notified and deadline for abating the violation.
E.
Nothing contained in this Section shall relieve a contractor, permittee,
individual, firm or corporation from liability for damages resulting
from their actions and practices.
[CC 1988 § 47.070; Ord. No. 578 § 1, 10-17-1988; Ord. No. 1323 § 1, 7-20-1998; Ord. No. 2882 § 6, 8-2-2010; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
A.
Inspections. By applying for permits in Title IV or Title V, the applicant consents to the City inspecting the grading or excavation of a site that is subject to an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan and all work in progress (the "work"). Inspection records as required by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources Land Disturbance Permit may be requested and available for review during normal business hours by City staff. Sites not subject to an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan may be inspected by City staff in the same manner outlined in Section 220.140.
B.
Standard. The current edition of St. Charles County Standard Specifications
for Subdivision Street Construction, Section 806 Erosion and Sediment
Control, shall be the standard for inspections under this Chapter.
C.
Corrections.
1.
The City may inspect the work (the "initial inspection") and,
if the inspector determines that there is a potential failure to comply
with the requirements of this Chapter, notify the permittee or the
permittee's representative (the "permittee") in writing of the
items that need to be corrected (the "notice to correct"). The notice
to correct shall at a minimum state the nature of the non-compliance,
any practice or approved plan deficiency, required corrective action,
and compliance time. The time limit for making the corrections shall
be a minimum of seven (7) calendar days unless, in the opinion of
the Director of Public Works, an imminent hazard and/or emergency
exists, in which injury to persons or significant property damage
is imminent (an "emergency"), at which time the City shall immediately
notify the permittee of such hazard and/or emergency and shall require
corrective work to begin immediately.
2.
The permittee, if not present on the site during the initial
inspection, shall have a reasonable opportunity to accompany the City's
inspector on a subsequent site visit (the "site visit") to discuss
the items in the notice to correct. A permittee desiring to accompany
the inspector on a site visit shall make himself/herself available
for the site visit no later than five (5) days after the date of issuance
of the notice to correct; failure to do so will waive the site visit.
After any site visit, the inspector may amend the notice to correct
to reflect any agreements by the inspector and the permittee at the
site visit pertaining to corrective action or compliance time and
shall send such amended notice to correct to the permittee.
3.
Upon the sooner of:
a.
The permittee's notice that completion of the corrections
set forth in the notice of correction and notification of the inspector
of same, or
b.
The expiration of the time for compliance set forth in the notice to correct, the Director of Public Works or his/her designee shall cause the work to be reinspected to determine the status of compliance (the "compliance inspection"). If the compliance inspection shows that the items on the notice to correct have been corrected, the inspector shall notify the permittee of same. Written notification that the matter is corrected and the matter is closed may be provided to the permittee upon his/her request. If the compliance inspection reveals a failure to correct some or all of the items on the notice to correct, the Director of Public Works shall notify the permittee of the deficient items that were not corrected in violation of this Chapter. The City may then proceed with all remedies for such violations set forth in Subsections (E) and (F) below.
D.
Violations. All persons failing to comply with such notice to correct within the time period stated therein shall be deemed in violation of this Section. Notwithstanding the foregoing and except in the case of an emergency, failure of the City to allow the permittee an opportunity to accompany the inspector on a site visit as set forth in Subsection (B) above shall prohibit any further enforcement action or penalty being imposed by the City on the permittee with respect to any notice to correct arising from such initial inspection. Nothing herein shall be construed to limit the City's ability to immediately respond to complaints or concerns regarding erosion and/or stormwater control for compliance with its MS4 Permit.
E.
Responsible Parties. The owner of a property may be cited in addition
to the permittee for any offense listed in this Chapter.
F.
Penalties. Anyone violating any of the provisions of this Chapter shall be subject to the general penalty provisions of Section 100.210. In addition to the penalties hereinabove authorized and established, the City Attorney is authorized to take such other actions at law or in equity as may be required to halt, terminate, remove, or otherwise eliminate any violation of this Chapter. The Director of Public Works may seize any performance guarantee established to ensure compliance with this Chapter including bringing the site into compliance with the approved sediment and erosion control plan.
G.
Stop Work Orders. The Director of Public Works or Community Development shall have the power to order all work to be stopped on any building(s), structure(s), grading, storm sewer, or other construction activity, where such work is being done in violation of any provisions of this Chapter, or where work is being done, in the development as a whole, that is in violation of this Chapter. Such order shall stop work on all projects the subject contractor or subcontractor is currently engaged in at the discretion of the Community Development Administrator when he/she reasonably believes that the violation that is the subject of the stop work order materially affects the health, safety and welfare of the community and is unlikely to be corrected without such action. For purposes of this provision, the discretion of the Community Development Administrator to extend any stop work order to other work in the development as a whole, or in any other development, shall extend to work being performed under the "control" of the primary entity to which the stop work order applies or is under the control of any entity which is a "control entity" of the primary entity to which the stop work order applies as those terms are defined in Section 135.260 of the Municipal Code. Such stop work orders may be given orally and may be enforced when so given provided, however, that any oral stop work order shall be followed by a written order within two (2) hours. All work that is stopped shall not be resumed except upon permission of the Community Development Administrator. Written stop work orders may be served by any Police Officer, any Public Works Department employee or any Community Development Department employee and may be served by personal service or by posting on the premises affected.
[CC 1988 § 47.080; Ord. No. 578 § 1, 10-17-1988; Ord. No. 1323 § 1, 7-20-1998; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
Officials authorized to issue citations for violation(s) of
these regulations are the Code Enforcement Official, the Building
Inspector, the Director of Public Works, the Public Works Inspector
and the City's Police Officers.
[CC 1988 § 47.090; Ord. No. 578 § 1, 10-17-1988; Ord. No. 1323 § 1, 7-20-1998; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
Any person, firm or corporation found guilty of violating these
regulations shall be fined not less than one hundred dollars ($100.00)
per violation per day not to exceed five hundred dollars ($500.00)
and/or ninety (90) days in jail. The City reserves the right to revoke
the building permit for serious and/or repeated violations.
[CC 1988 § 47.100; Ord. No. 578 § 1, 10-17-1988; Ord. No. 1323 § 1, 7-20-1998; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017; Ord.
No. 4190, 2-1-2021]
Appeals shall be made to the Board of Adjustment in accordance with the procedures outlined in Section 405.240, Appeal of Final Decision.
[CC 1988 § 47.110; Ord. No. 578 § 1, 10-17-1988; Ord. No. 1323 § 1, 7-20-1998; Ord. No. 2882 § 7, 8-2-2010; Ord. No. 2969 § 5, 4-18-2011; Ord. No. 3634 § 1, 1-17-2017]
For the purposes of this Chapter, the following words and phrases
shall have the meanings respectively ascribed to them by this Section:
A pit, barrier or dam built across a waterway and used to
retain rock, sand, gravel, silt or other materials carried by water
runoff.
A channel with or without a supporting ridge on the lower
side constructed across or at the bottom of a slope.
The wearing away of the land surface by the action of wind,
water or gravity.
An account under the control of the City that may involve
a third party as the escrow holder.
The removal, stripping or disturbance of soil, earth, sand,
rock, gravel or other similar substances.
The vertical location of the existing ground surface prior
to excavation or filling.
Federal Emergency Management Agency.
The placing of any soil, earth, sand, rock, gravel or other
substance on the ground.
The final grade or elevation of the ground surface conforming
to the proposed design.
Any excavation or filling or combination thereof.
The ICC family of codes as adopted by the City of Lake Saint
Louis to serve as the City's building construction code standards.
A channel formed in the existing surface topography prior
to changes made by unnatural conditions.
A constructed ditch or channel designed for water flow.
Grass, sod or ground cover sufficient to prevent erosion.
Any improvement or modification to the built or natural environment
intended to serve the public interest or to be accessed or used by
the general public regardless of ownership, such as detention basins,
streets (public or private), parking lots, etc.
Solid material moved by erosion and deposited away from its
point of origin.
The word "shall" is mandatory.
Staked bales or silt fencing systems that function as a filter
and a velocity check to trap fine-grained sediment while allowing
satisfactory passage of stormwater runoff.
A lot or parcel of land.
Altering terrain, vegetation and/or constructing improvements.
The top of the natural incline bordering a stream.
