[Ord. 00075, 4/14/2014, § 17-201]
1.Â
The language set forth in the text of this Part shall be interpreted
in accordance with the following rules of construction:
A.Â
Words used or defined in one tense or form shall include other tenses
or derivative forms.
B.Â
Words in the singular number shall include the plural number, and
words in the plural number shall include the singular number.
C.Â
The masculine gender shall include the feminine and neuter. The feminine
gender shall include the masculine and neuter. The neuter gender shall
include the masculine and feminine.
D.Â
The word "person" includes individuals, firms, partnerships, joint
ventures, trusts, trustees, estates, corporations, associations and
any other similar entities.
E.Â
The word "lot" includes the words "plot," "tract," and "parcel."
F.Â
The words "shall," "must" and "will" are mandatory in nature and
establish an obligation or duty to comply with the particular provision.
The words "may" and "should" are permissive.
G.Â
The time, within which any act required by this chapter is to be
performed, shall be computed by excluding the first day and including
the last day. However, if the last day is a Saturday or Sunday or
a holiday declared by the United States Congress or the Pennsylvania
General Assembly, it shall also be excluded. The word "day" shall
mean a calendar day, unless otherwise indicated.
H.Â
Words not defined herein shall first be defined by definitions contained in the PMPC and then by definitions contained in Chapter 22 of the Borough of Akron Code of Ordinances known as the "Akron Borough Subdivision and Land Development Ordinance" and Chapter 27 of the Borough of Akron Code of Ordinances known as the "Akron Borough Zoning Ordinance."
I.Â
Any words not defined in this Part, the above or in § 107
of the MPC shall be construed as defined in New International Webster's
Dictionary of the English Language — Deluxe Encyclopedic Edition
(1995 Edition).
J.Â
References to officially adopted regulations, standards, or publications
of DEP or other governmental agencies shall include the regulation,
publication, or standard in effect on the date when a SWM site plan
is first filed. It is the intent of Council in enacting this section
to incorporate such changes to statutes, regulations, and publications
to the extent authorized by 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1937.
K.Â
In interpreting and applying the provisions of this chapter, they shall be held to be the minimum requirements for the promotion of public health, safety, comfort, convenience and general welfare. When the provisions of this chapter impose greater restrictions than those of any other statute, ordinance or regulations, the provisions of this chapter shall be controlling. Where the provisions of any statute, other ordinance, or regulations impose greater restrictions than this chapter, the provisions of such statute or other ordinance or regulations shall be controlling. This chapter is not intended to interfere with, abrogate or annul any easement, covenant, or other agreement between private parties. However, where this chapter imposes greater restrictions than those imposed upon such easement, covenant or agreement, the provisions of this chapter shall apply. The provisions of this chapter and those of Chapters 22 and 27 of the Borough of Akron Code of Ordinances shall be read together, so to give a logical interpretation of the integration of their various requirements.
[Ord. 00075, 4/14/2014, § 17-202]
The removal of the surface of the land through the combined
action of man's activity and the natural processes at a rate
greater than would occur because of the natural process alone.
A right granted by a landowner to a grantee (including the
Borough and its designees), allowing entry for the purpose of inspecting,
maintaining and repairing SWM facilities.
A plan prepared under the authority of Pennsylvania's
Stormwater Management Act of October 4, 1978.
Activities associated with agriculture such as agricultural
cultivation, agricultural operation, and animal heavy use areas. This
includes the work of producing crops and raising livestock including
tillage, land clearing, plowing, disking, harrowing, planting, harvesting
crops, or pasturing and raising of livestock and installation of conservation
practices. Construction of new buildings or impervious areas is not
considered an agricultural activity.
As applied to land, a change in topography as a result of
the moving of soil and rock from one location or position to another;
also the changing of surface conditions by causing the surface to
be more or less impervious; earth disturbance activity.
A barnyard, feedlot, loafing area, exercise lot, or other
similar area on an agricultural operation where due to the concentration
of animals, it is not possible to establish and maintain vegetative
cover of a density capable of minimizing accelerated erosion and sedimentation
by usual planting methods. The term does not include entrances, pathways
and walkways between areas where animals are housed or kept in concentration.
A landowner and/or developer, as hereinafter defined, including
his heirs, successors and assigns, who has filed an application (with
the written permission of all landowners) to the Borough for approval
to engage in any regulated activity at a development site located
within the Borough.
A plan prepared by a property owner or their representatives.
A record survey and plan, including, but not limited to,
performing a survey upon completion of the construction of improvements
within or adjacent to a development site for the purpose of verifying
compliance with the approved stormwater management plan and also sufficient
information so that the Borough may monitor maintenance of the facilities
in the future, including topographic survey of final land contouring,
storm sewer facility locations and pipe grades, and related facilities.
As part of the as-built survey and plan, the developer shall be responsible
for verifying the adequacy of all stormwater facilities by submitting
hydraulic and hydrologic calculations, as necessary, to confirm compliance
with the approved design and plan. All plans and calculations must
include the seal, date and signature of the qualified registered professional(s)
responsible for the as-built survey and plan and calculations.
Activities, facilities, control measures, planning or procedures
used to minimize accelerated erosion and sedimentation and manage
stormwater to protect, maintain, reclaim, and restore the quality
of waters and the existing and designated uses of waters within this
commonwealth before, during and after earth disturbance activities.[1] See also nonstructural BMP and structural BMP.
The Pennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual
of December 2006, or most recent version thereof.
Any enclosed or open structure, other than a boundary wall
or fence, occupying more than four square feet of area and/or having
a roof supported by columns, piers, or walls.
Limestone or dolomite bedrock. Carbonate geology is often
associated with karst topography.
Documentation verifying that all permanent SWM facilities
have been constructed according to the plans and specifications and
approved revisions thereto.
25 Pa. Code, Chapter 102, Erosion and Sediment Control.
25 Pa. Code, Chapter 105, Dam Safety and Waterway Management.
25 Pa. Code, Chapter 106, Floodplain Management.
A reservoir or tank for storing rainwater.
The 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, P.L. 92-500 of 1972, 33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.
A plan written by an NRCS certified planner that identifies
conservation practices and includes site specific BMPs for agricultural
plowing or tilling activities and animal heavy use areas.
Practices installed on agricultural lands to improve farmland,
soil and/or water quality which have been identified in a current
conservation plan.
(n) Any structure that carries a flow. (v) The ability of
a pipe, culvert, swale or similar facility to carry the peak flow
from the design storm.
A structure with appurtenant works which can convey a stream
under or through an embankment or fill.
An extension from a building without solid walls or a roof
to be used for recreational purposes. Any deck wherein there is at
least a 1/8 inch gap at least every eight inches between decking material
shall not be considered a regulated activity for the purpose of this
chapter, if in fact the surface below the deck is pervious.
The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection or
any agency successor to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Protection.
The magnitude and temporal distribution of precipitation
from a storm event measured in probability of occurrence (e.g., a
five-year storm) and duration (e.g., 24-hours), used in the design
and evaluation of SWM systems.
The agent of the Borough involved with the administration,
review or enforcement of any provisions of this chapter by contract
or memorandum of understanding.
An impoundment structure designed to manage stormwater runoff
by temporarily storing the runoff and releasing it at a controlled
rate.
A person who undertakes any regulated activity of this chapter.
The specific area of land where regulated activities in the
Borough are planned, conducted or maintained.
A stream in an area underlain by limestone or dolomite that
flows underground for a portion of its length.
An land area where an earth disturbance activity is occurring
or has occurred.
Rights to occupy and use another person's real property
for the installation and operation of stormwater management facilities,
or for the maintenance of natural drainageways to preserve and maintain
a channel for the flow of stormwater therein, or to safeguard health,
safety, property, and facilities, approved in advance by a Borough
designee and recorded in the Office of the Recorder of Deeds in and
for Lancaster County, superior to any lien of record.
Erosion and sediment.
A site-specific plan consisting of both drawings and a narrative
that identifies BMPs to minimize accelerated erosion and sedimentation
before, during and after earth disturbance activities.
A construction or other human activity which disturbs the
surface of the land, including, but not limited to: clearing and grubbing;
grading; excavations; embankments; land development; agricultural
plowing or tilling; operation of animal heavy use areas; timber harvesting
activities; road maintenance activities; oil and gas activities; well
drilling; mineral extraction; building construction; and the moving,
depositing, stockpiling, or storing of soil, rock, or earth materials.[2]
Slopes greater than 15%, shallow bedrock (located within
six feet of ground surface[3]), wetlands, natural heritage areas and other areas designated
as Conservation or Preservation in Greenscapes, the Green Infrastructure
Element of the County Comprehensive Plan, where encroachment by land
development or land disturbance results in degradation of the natural
resource.
The natural process by which the surface of the land is worn
away by water, wind, or chemical action. See also, "accelerated erosion"
as defined above.
The dominant land cover during the five-year period immediately
preceding a proposed regulated activity.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency.
A general but temporary condition of partial or complete
inundation of normally dry land areas from the overflow of streams,
rivers, and other waters of this commonwealth.
That portion of the floodplain outside of the floodway.[4]
Act of October 4, 1978, P.L. 851, No. 166, as amended 32
P.S. § 679.101 et seq.
Any land area susceptible to inundation by water from any
natural source or delineated by applicable Department of Housing and
Urban Development, Federal Insurance Administration Flood Hazard Boundary—Mapped
as being a special flood hazard area. Also, the area of inundation
that functions as a storage or holding area for floodwater to a width
required to contain a base flood of which there is a one-percent chance
of occurrence in any given year. The floodplain contains both the
floodway and the flood fringe.
That portion of the floodplain which is effective in carrying
flow, within which this carrying capacity must be preserved and where
the flood hazard is generally highest, i.e., where water depths and
velocities are the greatest. It is that area which provides for the
discharge of the base flood so the cumulative increase in water surface
elevation is no more than one foot.[5]
Planning and activities necessary for the management of forest
land. These include conducting a timber inventory and preparation
of forest management plans, silvicultural treatment, cutting budgets,
logging road design and construction, timber harvesting, site preparation
and reforestation.
The probability or chance that a given storm event/flood
will be equaled or exceeded in a given year.
(n) A slope, usually of a road, channel or natural ground
specified in percent and shown on plans as specified herein. (v) To
finish the surface of a roadbed, top of embankment or bottom of excavation.
The process by which water from above the ground surface
is added to the saturated zone of an aquifer, either directly or indirectly.
Refers to soils grouped according to their runoff-producing
characteristics by NRCS. There are four runoff potential groups ranging
from A to D.
(Low runoff potential) soils having high infiltration rates
even when thoroughly wetted and consisting chiefly of deep, well to
excessively drained sands or gravels. These soils have a high rate
of water transmission (greater than 0.30 inches/hour).
Soils having moderate infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted
and consisting chiefly of moderately deep to deep, moderately well-to-well
drained soils with moderately fine to moderately coarse textures.
These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission (from 0.15
to 0.30 inches/hour).
Soils having slow infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted
and consisting chiefly of soils with a layer that impedes downward
movement of water, or soils with moderately fine to fine texture.
These soils have a slow rate of water transmission (from 0.05 to 0.15
inches/hour).
(High runoff potential) Soils having very slow infiltration
rates when thoroughly wetted and consisting chiefly of clay soils
with a high swelling potential, soils with a permanent high water
table, soils with a clay pan or clay layer at or near the surface,
and shallow soils over nearly impervious material. These soils have
a very slow rate of water transmission (from 0 to 0.05 inches/hour).
Surfaces which prevent the infiltration of water into the
ground. All structures, buildings, parking areas, driveways, roads,
streets, sidewalks, and any areas of concrete, asphalt, packed stone,
and compacted soil shall be considered impervious surface if they
prevent infiltration.
A retention or detention facility designed to retain stormwater
runoff and infiltrate it into the ground (in the case of a retention
basin) or release it at a controlled rate (in the case of a detention
basin).
A structure designed to direct runoff into the ground (e.g.,
french drains, seepage pits, seepage trench, rain gardens, vegetated
swales, pervious paving, infiltration basins, etc.).
A surface connection to a closed drain. The upstream end
of any structure through which water may flow.
A natural, transient body or conveyance of water that exists
for a relatively long time, but for weeks or months of the year is
below the local water table and obtains its flow from both surface
runoff and groundwater discharges.
Plants which grow quickly and aggressively, spreading, and
displacing other plants. Invasives typically are introduced into a
region far from their native habitat. See invasive plants in Pennsylvania
by the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
A type of topography or landscape characterized by features
including, but not limited to, surface depressions, sinkholes, rock
pinnacles/uneven bedrock surface, underground drainage, and caves.
Karst is formed on carbonate rocks, such as limestone or dolomite.
Any of the following activities:
The improvement of one lot or two or more contiguous lots, tracts
or parcels of land for any purpose involving:
A group of two or more residential or nonresidential buildings,
whether proposed initially or cumulatively, or a single nonresidential
building on a lot or lots regardless of the number of occupants or
tenure.
The division or allocation of land or space, whether initially
or cumulatively, between or among two or more existing or prospective
occupants by means of, or for the purpose of streets, common areas,
leaseholds, condominiums, building groups or other features.
Any subdivision of land.
Development in accordance with § 503(1.1) of the Pennsylvania
Municipalities Planning Code.
The legal or beneficial owner or owners of land including
the holder of an option or contract to purchase (whether or not such
option or contract is subject to any condition), a lessee if he is
authorized under the lease to exercise the rights of the landowner,
or other person having a proprietary interest in land.
A rock formation, other stratum, or soil condition which
is so slowly permeable that it effectively limits downward passage
of effluent. Season high water tables, whether perched or regional
also constitute a limiting zone.[6]
A linear feature in a landscape which is an expression of
an underlying geological structure such as a fault.
An equation for calculation of velocity of flow (e.g., feet
per second) and flow rate (e.g., cubic feet per second) in open channels
based upon channel shape, roughness, depth of flow and slope. Manning's
equation assumes steady, gradually varied flow.
Applies when the applicant demonstrates to the Borough's
satisfaction that the performance standard is not achievable. The
applicant shall take into account the best available technology, cost
effectiveness, geographic features, and other competing interests
such as protection of human safety and welfare, protection of endangered
and threatened resources, and preservation of historic properties
in making the assertion that the performance standard cannot be met
and that a different means of control is appropriate.[7]
The Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code, Act of 1968,
P.L. 805, No. 247, as reenacted and amended, 53 P.S. § 10101
et seq.
A conveyance or system of conveyances (including roads with
drainage systems, municipal streets, catch basins, curbs, gutters,
ditches, man-made channels, or storm drains), which is all of the
following:
Owned or operated by a state, city, town, borough, township,
county, district, association or other public body (created under
state law) having jurisdiction over disposal of sewage, industrial
wastes, stormwater or other wastes;
Designed or used for collecting or conveying stormwater;
Not a combined sewer; and
Not part of a publicly owned treatment works as defined at 40
CFR 122.2.
All separate storm sewers that are defined as "large" or
"medium" or "small" municipal separate storm sewer systems pursuant
to 40 CFR 122.26(b)(18), or designated as regulated under 40 CFR 122.26(a)(1)(v).
The Borough of Akron, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
A permit issued under 25 Pa. Code, Chapter 92a (relating
to National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permitting, monitoring
and compliance) for the discharge or potential discharge of pollutants
from a point source to surface waters.
Plant species that have evolved or are indigenous to a specific
geographical area. These plants are adapted to local soil and weather
conditions as well as pests and diseases.
An existing channel for water runoff that was formed by natural
processes.
Ground cover which mimics the infiltration characteristics
of predominant hydrologic soil group found at the site.
Any source of water pollution that does not meet the legal
definition of "point source" in § 502(14) of the Clean Water
Act.
Planning and design approaches, operational and/or behavior-related
practices which minimize stormwater runoff generation resulting from
an alteration of the land surface or limit contact of pollutants with
stormwater runoff.
Natural Resources Conservation Service (previously Soil Conservation
Service, or SCS).
A drainage element in which stormwater flows with an open
surface. Open channels include, but shall not be limited to, natural
and man-made drainage ways, swales, streams, ditches, canals, and
pipes flowing partly full. Open channels may include closed conduits
so long as the flow is not under pressure.
Point where water flows from a conduit, stream, pipe, or
drain.
The maximum rate of stormwater runoff from a specific storm
event.
The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation or any agency
successor thereto.
Any material/surface that allows water to pass through at
a rate equal to or greater than natural ground cover.
A culvert, closed conduit, or similar structure (including
appurtenances) that conveys stormwater.
The Planning Commission of the Borough of Akron, Lancaster
County, Pennsylvania.
The SWM and erosion and sediment control plans and narratives.
Water that comes in contact with any raw material, product,
by-product, or waste during any production or industrial process.
Any person licensed by the Pennsylvania Department of State
or otherwise qualified by law to perform the work required by this
chapter.
SWM controls used to manage the peak flows for the purposes
of channel protection and flood mitigation.
A rainfall-runoff relation used to estimate peak flow.
Any physical improvement to a previously developed lot that
involves earthmoving, removal, or addition of impervious surfaces.
A plan to manage stormwater runoff from an area larger than
a single development site. A Regional Stormwater Management Plan could
include two adjacent parcels, an entire watershed, or some defined
area in between. Regional Stormwater Management Plans can be prepared
for new development, or as a retrofit to manage runoff from already
developed areas.
Activities, including earth disturbance activities that involve
the alteration or development of land in a manner that may affect
stormwater runoff. Regulated activities shall include, but not be
limited to:
Land development subject to the requirements of the Borough's Subdivision and Land Development Ordinance [Chapter 22].
Removal of ground cover, grading, filling or excavation.
Construction of new or additional impervious or semi-impervious
surfaces (driveways, parking lots, etc.), and associated improvements.
Construction of new buildings or additions to existing buildings.
Installation or alteration of stormwater management facilities
and appurtenances thereto.
Diversion or piping of any watercourse.
Any other regulated activities where the Borough determines
that said activities may affect any existing watercourse's stormwater
management facilities, or stormwater drainage patterns.
For a specific design storm or list of design storms, the
percentage of peak flow rate for existing conditions which may not
be exceeded for the proposed conditions.
A graphical representation of the release rates for a specific
area.
A stormwater management facility that includes a permanent
pool for water quality treatment and additional capacity above the
permanent pool for temporary runoff storage.
Pertaining to a stream, river or other watercourse. Also,
plant communities occurring in association with any spring, lake,
river, stream or creek through which waters flow at least periodically.[8]
A BMP that is an area of permanent vegetation along a watercourse.
A narrow strip of land, centered on a stream or river that
includes the floodplain as well as related riparian habitats adjacent
to the floodplain.[9]
An easement created for the purpose of protecting and preserving
a riparian corridor.
A type of riparian buffer that consists of permanent vegetation
that is predominantly native trees, shrubs and forbs along a watercourse
that is maintained in a natural state or sustainably managed to protect
and enhance water quality, stabilize stream channels and banks, and
separate land use activities from surface waters.
Temporary ponding and gradual release of stormwater falling
directly onto roof surfaces by incorporating controlled-flow roof
drains into building designs.
Any part of precipitation that flows over the land surface.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
(now known as NRCS).
Soils or other materials transported by stormwater as a product
of erosion.[10]
A barrier, dam, retention or detention basin located and
designed to retain rock, sand, gravel, silt, or other material transported
by water.
The placement, discharge or any other introduction of sediment
into the waters of the commonwealth occurring from the failure to
design, construct, implement or maintain control measures and control
facilities in accordance with the requirements of this chapter.
The action or process of forming or depositing sediment in
waters of this commonwealth.[11]
An area of excavated earth filled with loose stone or similar
coarse material, into which surface water is directed for infiltration
into the ground.
A surface which prevents some infiltration of water into
the ground.
Runoff which flows over the ground surface as a thin, even
layer, riot concentrated in a channel.
Regulated activities that, measured on a cumulative basis
from the effective date of this chapter, create additional impervious
areas of more than 1,000 square feet and less than 5,000 square feet,
or involve removal of ground cover, grading, filling, or excavation
of an area less than 5,000 square feet and do not involve the alteration
of stormwater facilities or watercourses. Domestic landscape and/or
vegetable gardening is exempt from specific approval and permitting
under this chapter.
A storm having a frequency of recurrence of once every two
years or smaller.
See "hydrologic soil group."
A method of runoff computation developed by the SCS (now
NRCS) that is based on relating soil type and land use/cover to a
runoff parameter called curve number (CN). For more information, see
"Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds," Second Edition, Technical
Release No. 55, SCS, June 1986 (or most current edition).
The regulatory requirements to protect, maintain, reclaim,
and restore water quality under Title 25 of the Pennsylvania Code,
the Clean Streams Law and the Clean Water Act.
A volume above or below ground that is available to hold
stormwater.
A storm of a specific duration, intensity, and frequency.[12]
A system of pipes and/or open channels designed to convey
stormwater.
Act of October 4, 1978, P.L. 864, No. 167, as amended 32
P.S. § 680.1 et seq.
Drainage runoff from the surface of the land resulting from
precipitation or snow or ice melt.
See "BMPs."
Any structure, natural or man-made, that, due to its condition,
design, or construction, conveys, stores, infiltrates/evaporates/transpires,
cleans or otherwise affects stormwater runoff. Typical SWM facilities
include, but are not limited to, detention and retention basins, open
channels, watercourses, road gutters, swales, storm sewers, pipes,
BMPs, and infiltration structures.
A plan, including a narrative, to ensure proper functioning of the SWM facilities in accordance with Part 6 of this chapter.
The plan prepared by the developer or his representative
indicating how stormwater runoff will be managed at a particular development
site according to this chapter.
A watercourse.
Physical devices and practices that capture and treat stormwater
runoff. Structural stormwater BMPs are permanent appurtenances to
the development site.
Any man-made object having an ascertainable stationary location
on or in land or water, whether or not affixed to the land.[13]
The division or re-division of a single lot, tract or parcel
of land by any means into two or more lots, tracts, parcels or other
divisions of land, including changes in existing lot lines for the
purpose, whether immediate or future, of lease, partition by the court
for distribution to heirs or devises, transfer of ownership, or building,
or lot development, or as defined in the MPC.
A low lying stretch of land which gathers or carries surface
water runoff.
Stormwater management.
A stormwater management site plan.
See "forest management."
The time for surface runoff to travel from the hydraulically
most distant point of the watershed to a point of interest within
the watershed. This time is the combined total of overland flow time
and flow time in pipes or channels, if any.
First substantial break in slope between the edge of the
bed of the stream and the surrounding terrain. The top of streambank
can either be a natural or constructed (that is, road or railroad
grade) feature, lying generally parallel to the watercourse.
The sequencing of structural best management practices to
achieve optimal flow management and pollutant removal from urban stormwater.
United States Department of Agriculture.
SWM controls, or BMPs, used to remove a predetermined amount
of runoff or the increase in volume between the pre- and post-development
design storm.
A channel or conveyance of surface water having defined bed
and banks, whether natural or artificial, with perennial or intermittent
flow.
Any and all rivers, streams, creeks, rivulets, impoundments,
ditches, watercourses, storm sewers, lakes, dammed water, wetlands,
ponds, springs, and all other bodies or channels of conveyance of
surface and underground water, or parts thereof, whether natural or
artificial, within or on the boundaries of Pennsylvania.
The entire region or area drained by a watercourse.
Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or
ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and
that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation
typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions, including
swamps, marshes, bogs, ferns, and similar areas.
Land predominantly covered with trees and shrubs. Without
limiting the foregoing, Woodlands include all land areas of 10,000
square feet or greater, supporting at least 100 trees per acre, so
that either:
[1]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 1.
[2]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 1.
[3]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 2.
[4]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 3.
[5]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 3.
[6]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 12.
[7]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 5.
[8]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 6.
[9]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 6.
[10]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 1.
[11]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 1.
[12]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 7.
[13]
Editor's Note: See Part 10, Reference 8.
