The purpose of this article is to achieve the following objectives:
A. 
Ensure there are adequate amounts of parking and loading facilities to serve the use(s) and users of the property;
B. 
Protect the users of adjacent properties from nuisances caused by the noise, fumes, and glare of headlights which may result from the operation of vehicles;
C. 
Reduce congestion on the street network in the City;
D. 
Encourage alternative parking designs and modes of transportation to reduce the share of auto-dominated sites within the City and dependence on single-occupancy vehicular trips;
E. 
Minimize further expansion of impervious surfaces within the City and reduce loss of green space;
F. 
Provide safe traveling conditions and off-street accommodations for motorists, pedestrians, and bicyclists; and
G. 
Ensure safe, well-planned multi-modal access is provided to all properties within the City while minimizing potential vehicular, pedestrian, and bicyclist conflicts.
A. 
The term "vehicle," as used in this article, shall include, but not be limited to automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, recreational vehicles, campers and trailers, including recreational and boat trailers.
B. 
Off-street parking and loading spaces shall be provided and kept available as an accessory use to all permitted and specially permitted uses of buildings, structures, and lots in amounts not less than those specified in this article.
C. 
Areas that may be considered as off-street parking space include any private garage, carport or other area available for parking other than a street, entrance and exit lanes, or driveway.
D. 
The provision and maintenance of private off-street parking areas is a continuing obligation of the property owner.
Off-street parking and driveways for single-, two-, and multifamily dwellings up to four units shall conform to the following:
A. 
Parking is prohibited on grass and yard space that is not hard-surfaced and properly designated for such use.
B. 
Off-street parking may be permitted in the front yard, provided all vehicles are located on an approved driveway.
C. 
Recreational vehicles, commercial vehicles, and other vehicles exceeding 14 feet in length or nine feet in height may be parked on an approved driveway, provided such vehicles are located behind the front building line.
[Amended 7-10-2024 by Ord. No. 1-2024]
A. 
Determination of requirements.
(1) 
The requirement for a single use (e.g., a retail store) shall be determined directly from this section, unless otherwise noted within this chapter.
(2) 
The requirements for a combination of uses made up of multiple permitted or specially permitted uses (e.g., a retail store with an office building) shall be determined by establishing the requirement for each single use and adding them together, unless otherwise provided for in this article.
(3) 
Any use requiring 1/2 or more of a parking space shall be deemed to require the full space.
(4) 
If the use is not specifically listed in the schedule of such requirements, the requirement shall be the same as for the most similar listed use as determined by the CEO.
(5) 
The maximum number of parking spaces allowable for any use is not to exceed 125% of the minimum requirement, unless otherwise approved as part of development plan review.
(6) 
The minimum parking requirement may be reduced as part of development plan review if the applicant can make permanent arrangements for shared parking with other uses or can otherwise prove that the parking standards are excessive for the particular use proposed.
(7) 
The minimum parking requirement may be increased as part of development plan review if it is deemed necessary to protect the health, safety, and general welfare of the public.
B. 
Central Business District. In the CB and CB-5 Districts, off-street parking spaces shall be provided in accordance with the following table.
Land Use
Minimum Spaces (CB & CB-5 Districts)
Residential
1 per dwelling unit
Lodging
1 per room
Other
3 per 1,000 square feet of gross floor area
C. 
CB District exemptions. No existing building within the CB and CB-5 Districts shall be required to provide additional off-street parking except when the building footprint is expanded. In such case, the required amount of additional off-street parking required shall be based on the additional building area.
D. 
All other districts. Off-street parking spaces shall be provided in all zoning districts, except the CB and CB-5 Districts, in accordance with the following table.
Land Use
Minimum Spaces
Residential
Dwelling
1 per dwelling unit
Bed-and-breakfast
1 per room
Nursing home or adult care facility
0.50 per room + 0.50 per employee1
Short-term rental
1 per dwelling unit
Business and Commercial
Brewery or distillery
3 per 1,000 square feet2
Dance, art, music, or photo studio
2 per 1,000 square feet2
Funeral home or mortuary
3 per 1,000 square feet2
Gasoline service station or car wash
2 per 1,000 square feet2
Gym or health club
3 per 1,000 square feet2
Lodging
1 per guest room + 0.50 per employee1
Office, administrative or professional
2 per 1,000 square feet2
3 per 1,000 square feet2
Office or clinic, medical
2 per 1,000 square feet2
Personal service shop
2 per 1,000 square feet2
Recreation facility, indoor or outdoor
4 per 1,000 square feet2
Restaurant, bar, or tavern
3 per 1,000 square feet2
Retail store
2 per employee1
Vehicle sales3
2 per 1,000 square feet2
Industrial
All Uses
1 per employee1
Other
Hospital
1 per bed + 1 per employee1
Licensed day care facility
1 per employee1
Place of public assembly
2 per 1,000 square feet2
Place of worship
1 per 3.5 seats
School, public or private
2 per classroom + 1 per employee1
School, occupational or skill training
1 per 3 students + 1 per employee1
NOTES:
(1)
"Per employee" requirements shall be based on the maximum shift.
(2)
As measured by the gross floor area of the primary structure of the proposed use.
(3)
Minimum parking requirement does not include the spaces devoted to storage of vehicles to be sold.
A. 
Applicability. Whenever the normal operation of any use requires that goods, merchandise, or equipment be routinely delivered to or shipped from that use, an off-street loading area must be provided in accordance with this article to accommodate the delivery or shipment operations in order to avoid undue interference with the public use of streets or alleys.
B. 
CB Districts exemption. Within the CB and CB-5 Districts, loading spaces shall not be required unless otherwise determined through development plan and/or special use permit review to be necessary for the safe and efficient operation of the proposed use and/or to protect the public health, safety, and welfare.
C. 
Minimum spaces required. Loading spaces shall be provided for uses in accordance with the table below.
Gross Floor Area
(square feet)
Minimum Spaces
Minimum Size
Less than 5,000
0
—
5,000 to 10,000
1
12 by 25 feet
10,000 to 30,000
1
14 by 50 feet
Each additional 15,000
+1
14 by 50 feet
A. 
Location in all districts. Off-street parking and loading spaces are prohibited in the front yard in all districts. However, parking in front yard space shall be allowed for single-, two-, and multifamily dwellings up to four units on an approved, designated driveway.
B. 
GB, MU-I, and AT District exemption. Parking areas in the Gateway Business, Mixed Use - Industry, and Agricultural Technology Districts may be permitted in the side yard when in compliance with the following standards:
(1) 
The overall width of the parking area frontage does not exceed 30% of the lot width (see Figure 8.1).
(2) 
The paved parking area is at least 10 feet behind the front building line. Where no primary structure is provided on a lot, the parking area shall meet the minimum setback requirements or be located at least 10 feet behind the front building line of an adjacent property, whichever is greater (see Figure 7.1).
(3) 
The parking area is screened from the public right-of-way with landscaping or other visual buffer measuring at least three, but no more than five feet in height.
C. 
Special restrictions. Parking and loading spaces shall never be located at the corner of any street, in front of any building, or between a building and the public right-of-way.
D. 
Same lot requirement. All off-street parking and loading spaces shall be on the same lot as the use they are intended to serve unless otherwise specified in this article.
E. 
Additional loading space restrictions.
(1) 
Loading spaces and delivery areas shall maintain a setback of at least 30 feet from adjacent residentially zoned property lines.
(2) 
Loading spaces and delivery areas shall be located so as not to be visible from the street or public right-of-way. If not practicable, landscaping and buffering to screen such areas shall be provided to the extent required in development plan review.
Off-street parking and loading spaces shall conform to the following design requirements:
A. 
Materials and markings.
(1) 
All spaces shall be hard surfaced with dustless material and shall be maintained in smooth and well-graded condition. Such surface shall be permanent and capable of being kept free of snow, dust, and dirt.
(2) 
The use of pervious pavement material is highly encouraged. Areas comprised of permeable pavement shall be excluded from the calculation of maximum lot coverage.
(3) 
All spaces shall be clearly and permanently marked with painted strips of at least four inches in width.
B. 
Landscaping and screening. All off-street parking and loading areas shall be landscaped and screened in accordance with Part 3, Article IX.
C. 
Lighting. All off-street parking and loading areas shall be illuminated in accordance with the requirements of § 350-10.9.
D. 
Grading and stormwater. All spaces and their access driveways shall be graded so as to provide for the proper mitigation of stormwater and runoff.
E. 
ADA conformance. All new or reconstructed off-street parking areas must conform to Americans with Disabilities Act[1] standards.
[1]
Editor's Note: See 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.
F. 
Arrangement.
(1) 
All off-street parking areas must include a dedicated area independent of required parking and loading spaces for the placing and storage of snow.
(2) 
Off-street parking space and aisle dimensions shall be in conformance with the table below.
Angle of Parking Space
Width
(feet)
Length
(feet)
Aisle Width
90°
9 min
18 min
24 max
60°
9 min
18 min
24 max
45°
8 min
18 min
24 max
180° (parallel)
8 min
22 min
24 max
The following alternative arrangements may be utilized to satisfy off-street parking requirements with development plan review approval.
A. 
On-street and municipally owned parking.
(1) 
Within commercial and mixed-use districts, on-street and municipally owned parking spaces may be used to satisfy up to 25% of the minimum off-street parking requirement, provided such spaces are located within 1,000 feet of the use.
(2) 
Within residential districts, nonresidential uses are expected to provide the required number of parking spaces on site or as part of an approved shared or joint parking area. Reliance on street parking by nonresidential uses in residential districts is strongly discouraged.
B. 
Public transit access. A public transit stop or station may be used to satisfy up to 10% of the minimum off-street parking requirement, provided the transit stop or station is located within 500 feet of the use.
C. 
Parking demand analysis. The number of off-street parking spaces required for any use may be adjusted with the completion of a parking demand analysis by the applicant. When parking will be shared with other functions, the parking demand analysis may be used to determine the sharing factor. Such analysis shall include, at a minimum:
(1) 
An estimate of the number of spaces needed to accommodate the proposed use;
(2) 
A summary and map of the proposed location and/or configuration of spaces (on-site, public lots, on-street, etc.);
(3) 
A market study and/or other supporting information and rationale behind the requested number of parking spaces; and
(4) 
An analysis of existing parking conditions in the surrounding area, to include a radius of at least 1,000 feet.
A. 
Benefit. Joint and shared off-street parking areas that extend across property lines are encouraged as parking can be more efficiently organized between uses in larger areas, resulting in more parking capacity with less land devoted to parking.
B. 
Joint parking. Joint off-street parking areas by two or more buildings or uses located on the same lot or adjacent lots is permitted, provided that the total of such facilities shall not be less than the sum required of the various buildings or uses computed separately. The land upon which the joint parking spaces are located shall be owned or leased by one or more of the collective users.
C. 
Shared parking. Shared off-street parking areas for two or more uses that are located on the same lot or adjacent lots is permitted, provided they have differing peak parking demands or operating hours. Shared parking areas shall conform to the following:
(1) 
The minimum number of spaces provided is at least that of the use with the greatest parking requirement.
(2) 
The parking area is located within 1,000 feet of the building(s) or use(s) it is intended to serve.
(3) 
The applicant demonstrates that the uses have different peak hour parking demands or that the total parking demand at one time would be adequately served by the total number of parking spaces proposed.
(4) 
A shared parking agreement is executed documenting the shared uses and property owners and must be reflected in a deed, lease, contract, easement or other appropriate legal document.
(5) 
A maintenance agreement is executed documenting the responsibility of each user in the maintenance and upkeep of said shared parking facilities.
A. 
Bicycle parking.
(1) 
Bicycle parking shall be provided with all multifamily and nonresidential development at a rate of at least 10% of vehicle parking requirements. However, in no case shall a single use provide less than two spaces, nor a use be required to provide more than 10 spaces.
(2) 
This requirement shall not apply to properties within the CB and CB-5 Districts where there are publicly provided or shared bicycle parking facilities within 1,000 feet of the primary building or use.
B. 
Pedestrian connectivity. Off-street parking areas of five or more spaces shall include a clearly identified pedestrian network from the parking spaces to building entrances and uses on site. Pedestrian connections to the public sidewalk shall also be required, where applicable (see Figure 8.2).
A. 
Access from streets to parking areas shall be clearly defined. In order to minimize the number of curb cuts, shared access drives and the development of rear service lanes for access to parking and loading areas are encouraged.
B. 
All parking spaces, except those required for single-, two-, or multifamily dwellings up to four units, shall have access to a public street or alley in such a manner that any vehicle leaving or entering the parking area from or into a public street or alley shall be traveling in a forward motion.
C. 
No driveway providing access to an off-street parking area shall be located closer than 60 feet to the intersection of public streets.
D. 
The width of an access driveway shall be determined by the table below.
Land Use
Required Width
(feet)
Single- or two-family dwelling
10 min
16 max
Other - one-way access
10 min
16 max
Other - two-way access
20 min
24 max