[HISTORY: Adopted by the Board of Supervisors
of the Township of West Goshen 5-26-2004 by Ord. No. 7-2004.
Amendments noted where applicable.]
GENERAL REFERENCES
Alarm devices — See Ch. 25.
Building construction — See Ch. 28.
Existing buildings — See Ch. 29.
Energy conservation — See Ch. 38.
Electrical standards — See Ch. 39.
Fire prevention — See Ch. 41.
Fuel gas standards — See Ch. 43.
Mechanical standards — See Ch. 49.
Mobile home parks — See Ch. 51.
Numbering of buildings — See Ch. 54.
Plumbing — See Ch. 62.
Property maintenance — See Ch. 63.
Subdivision of land — See Ch. 72.
Zoning — See Ch. 84.
The Township hereby elects to administer and
enforce the Act and the regulations promulgated under the Act which
are found at 34 Pa. Code Chapters 401 through 405 (the Regulations)
as the same are amended from time to time, as the Township's Building
Code. The Township shall notify the Department within 30 days of adoption
of this chapter that the Township has elected to administer and enforce
the Act in accordance with this chapter.
A.
By electing to adopt, administer and enforce the Act, the Township hereby adopts and incorporates as fully as if set out at length herein Chapters 1-29 and 31-35 of the International Building Code, 2003 Edition, (IBC 2003) as now and as hereafter supplemented, reissued, amended and revised and its successor building codes, as published by the International Code Council, Inc., as the Township's Building Code. Not fewer than three copies of the International Building Code, 2003 Edition, have been and now are filed in the office of the Township Secretary and may be examined there without charge. If any provision in Chapter 1 of the IBC 2003 which governs administration of the Building Code is inconsistent with the Regulations, the provisions in the Regulations shall govern the administration and enforcement of the Building Code.
B.
The Township hereby adopts and incorporates as fully
as if set out at length herein all Appendices of the IBC 2003, as
now and as hereafter supplemented, reissued, amended and revised and
its successor appendices as published by the International Code Council,
Inc.
The following sections of the IBC 2003 are hereby
amended and revised as follows:
A.
Section 101.1 is amended by the insertion of "West
Goshen Township" in the "[NAME OF JURISDICTION]" blank.
B.
The title to Section 103 shall be amended to read
as follows:
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"SECTION 103 BUILDING CODE OFFICIAL."
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C.
Section 103.1 shall be amended to read as follows:
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103.1 Creation of enforcement agency. The Board of Supervisors shall, by resolution, appoint a Building
Code Official who shall be certified by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
under the Act. The Building Code Official shall be responsible for
administration and enforcement of this Code. The Building Code Official
shall be assisted by one or more Building Officials who shall also
be appointed by the Board of Supervisors and certified by the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania under the Act.
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D.
Section 103.2 shall be deleted.
E.
Section 103.3 shall be amended to read as follows:
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103.3 Deputies. The Board of Supervisors
shall appoint such number of officers, technical assistants, inspectors
and other employees as shall be necessary for the administration of
this Code. The Board may designate one or more deputies who shall
and may exercise all of the powers of the Building Code Official during
the temporary absence or disability of the Building Code Official.
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F.
Section 108.2 shall be amended to read as follows:
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108.2 Schedule of permit fees. Fees
for each plan examination and building permit, including the moving
or demolition of buildings and structures, shall be paid in advance
in accordance with the fee schedule established by resolution duly
adopted by the Board of Supervisors of West Goshen Township, as the
same may from time to time be amended.
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G.
Section 112, Board of Appeals, shall be deleted and
replaced with the following:
[Amended 7-2-2012 by Ord. No. 05-2012; 8-12-2015 by Ord. No. 5-2015; 12-9-2015 by Ord. No. 8-2015]
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SECTION 112
BOARD OF APPEALS
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112.1 General. The West Chester
Area Council of Governments (WCACOG) has formed a Board of Appeals,
which shall hear and decide appeals of orders, decisions or determinations
made by the Building Official relative to the application and interpretation
of this Code. The Board of Appeals shall be appointed by the WCACOG
and shall be governed by the rules and regulations adopted by the
WCACOG. The Board of Appeals shall adopt rules of procedure for conducting
its business and shall render all decisions and findings in writing
to the appellant with a duplicate copy to the Building Official.
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H.
Section 113.4, Violation penalties, shall be amended
to read as follows:
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113.4 Violation penalties. Any
person who violates or permits the violation of any provision of this
chapter or who shall fail to comply with any of the requirements thereof
or who shall erect, construct, alter or repair any building or structure
in violation of either an approved plan, a directive of the Building
Official or of a permit or certificate issued under the provisions
of this chapter shall, upon conviction thereof in a summary proceeding
brought before a District Justice under the Pennsylvania Rules of
Criminal Procedure, be guilty of a summary offense and shall be subject
to the payment of a fine of not less than $100 and not more than $1,000,
plus the costs of prosecution. In default of payment thereof, the
defendant may be sentenced to imprisonment in the county prison for
a term of not more than 30 days. Each section or provision of this
chapter that is violated shall constitute a separate offense, and
each day or portion thereof in which a violation of this chapter is
found to exist shall constitute a separate offense, each of which
violations shall be punishable by a separate fine imposed by the District
Justice of not less than $100 and not more than $1,000, plus the costs
of prosecution, or upon default of payment thereof, the defendant
may be sentenced to imprisonment in the county prison for a term of
not more than 30 days. All fines and penalties collected for the violation
of this chapter shall be paid to the Township Treasurer.
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I.
Section 1612.3 is amended by the insertion of "West
Goshen Township" in the "[NAME OF JURISDICTION]" blank and "November
20, 1996" in the "[DATE OF ISSUANCE]" blank.
J.
Section 1805.2.1 shall be amended by adding the following
sentence at the end of the existing section: "For purposes of this
Code, the frost line shall be 36 inches below ground surface level."
K.
Section 3410.2 is amended by the insertion of "October
4, 1967" in the "[DATE TO BE INSERTED BY THE JURISDICTION]" blank.
The Building Code shall be administered and
enforced by the Building Code Official who shall be appointed by resolution
of the Board of Supervisors.
Pursuant to Section 104(d)(1) of the Act, the
Township may keep in full force and effect any provisions of the Township's
existing Building Code which were in effect on or before July 1, 1999,
or reenactments of simultaneously repealed ordinances which were originally
adopted before July 1, 1999, provided that such provisions meet or
exceed the Act. Under such authority, the Township intends to keep
in full force and effect the following provisions in its existing
Building Code and Fire Prevention Code which meet or exceed the standards
in the Act:
A.
A new Section 105.3.1 shall be added which shall read
as follows:
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105.3.1. Additional application requirements. In addition to the requirements in Section 105.3 above, each application
shall be accompanied by:
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(1)
A description of any and all easements and/or deed
restrictions affecting the land on which the construction is proposed
to occur. In addition, such application shall be accompanied by a
written certification, signed by the landowner specifically describing
any and all easements and/or deed restrictions affecting the land
or, if there are none, a certification so stating.
(2)
A description of the water supply facilities and sewer
facilities necessary to service the proposed construction.
(3)
No building permit shall be issued until the applicant
supplies proof of and the Building Official has confirmed:
(a)
That the water supply facilities have been certified
as adequate by the appropriate governmental health agency having jurisdiction;
and
(b)
Either public sewers are available or a permit
for their construction has been issued by the Pennsylvania Department
of Environmental Protection or other agency having jurisdiction, in
which case no occupancy permit shall be issued until public sewers
are available, or that the Chester County Health Department has issued
a permit for on-site sewage disposal facilities for the type and extent
of development contemplated by the building permit application.
(4)
A copy of the approved subdivision plan in accordance
with the West Goshen Township Subdivision and Land Development Ordinance
or, in the alternative, in the event no such plan is required, the
applicant shall submit a written certification of nonapplicability
thereof.
B.
A new section 912 titled, "Additional Provisions regarding
Fire Protection" shall be added which shall read as follows:
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912.1 Automatic sprinkler equipment required
throughout certain buildings. Automatic sprinkler equipment
shall be installed and maintained throughout buildings of the types
set forth below hereafter erected, converted or substantially altered:
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(1)
High-hazard occupancy buildings.
(2)
Sanitoriums, nursing homes, convalescent homes and
homes for the aged and housing bed or ambulatory patients.
(3)
Bowling alleys.
(4)
Non-fire-resistive buildings used as places of public
assembly, motion-picture theaters and auditoriums used for theatrical,
operatic or musical performances.
(5)
Fire-resistive buildings having an undivided floor
area of 10,000 square feet or more per floor, used in whole or in
part for the manufacture, storage or sale of combustible goods, wares
or merchandise, including, inter alia, stores, restaurants and supermarkets.
(6)
Fire-resistive buildings having an undivided floor
area of 10,000 square feet or more per floor, used for the housing
of automobiles, not including open-deck garages unless the same are
over two stories in height.
(7)
Non-fire-resistive buildings having an undivided floor
area of 6,000 square feet or more per floor, used for the housing
of automobiles.
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912.2 Automatic sprinkler equipment required
in certain parts of certain buildings.
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(1)
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Automatic sprinkler equipment shall be installed
and maintained in cellars, subcellars, basements, subbasements, storage
rooms, major kitchens and chutes of buildings of the types set forth
below, hereafter erected or substantially altered:
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(a)
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Hotels and motels.
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(b)
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Apartment houses and apartment hotels.
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(c)
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Schools, dormitories and other buildings used
for educational purposes; provided, however, that in such buildings,
automatic sprinkler equipment shall also be installed and maintained
in stairways and corridors.
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(d)
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Public buildings.
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(e)
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Churches and chapels.
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(2)
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Automatic sprinkler equipment shall be installed
and maintained in all cellars and basements of buildings hereafter
erected or substantially altered, which cellars and basements have
an undivided area of 2,500 square feet or more and are used for the
manufacture, storage or sale of combustible goods, wares or merchandise
or for the housing of automobiles.
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912.3 Dry standpipe fire lines required
in certain buildings. Dry standpipe fire lines shall be installed
and maintained in buildings more than 25 feet in height, in accordance
with the standards set forth in NFPA No. 14; provided, however, that
dry standpipe fire lines shall not be required in the following:
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(1)
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Single-family dwellings.
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(2)
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Two-family dwellings.
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(3)
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Single-family or two-family dwellings converted
into apartment houses, dormitories, office buildings, schools or stores
after the effective date of this Code.
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912.4 Location and size of sprinkler heads,
valves and pipes and water supply. The location and size of
sprinkler heads, pipes and other fire-extinguishing equipment, appliances
and devices shall comply with the standards set forth in the National
Fire Protection Association Standard No. 13. Such equipment shall
be connected to an adequate water supply, as determined by an approved
rating bureau and the Fire Marshal.
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912.5 Approval of plans. Before
any automatic sprinkler equipment is installed or altered in any building,
detailed plans thereof shall first be submitted to and approved in
writing by an approved rating bureau, and thereafter the said plans
shall be submitted to and approved in writing by the Fire Marshal.
Nothing contained herein shall be construed to prevent the installation
of other types of automatic fire-protection equipment than those specified
herein, when such equipment is approved in writing by an approved
rating bureau and the Fire Marshal.
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912.6 Exemptions. Nothing herein
contained shall be construed to require the installation of automatic
sprinkler equipment in:
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(1)
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Safe deposit or other vaults.
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(2)
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Rooms or buildings used for the sale, manufacture
or storage of aluminum powder, calcium carbide, calcium phosphide,
metallic sodium, potassium, quicklime, magnesium powder, sodium peroxide
or like substances to which the application of water will cause or
increase the fire hazard.
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(3)
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Any other location where the installation of
such equipment may, in the opinion of an approved rating bureau and
the Fire Marshal, increase the hazard to life or property or for any
other reason be impractical due to existing conditions.
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912.7 Fire protection equipment.
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(1)
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Standpipe systems. In all buildings in which
standpipes are required, they shall be carried up as the construction
progresses in such a manner so that they will always be ready for
Fire Department use on the topmost floor that has been installed.
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(2)
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Detailed requirements for standpipes shall be
as follows:
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(a)
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Class of system: dry.
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(b)
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Number and location of risers: one riser per
fire tower.
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(c)
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Number and location of outlets.
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[1]
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There shall be one outlet valve at each floor
level, including the basement and subbasement located in each fire
tower. The roof outlets shall be at the direction of the Fire Marshal.
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[2]
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All outlets shall be two-and-one-half-inch N.S.F.H.T.
male couplings equipped with caps or plugs and chains.
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[3]
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All standpipe risers shall be interconnected
at their base.
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[4]
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The number and location of the Fire Department
siamese connections shall be as directed by the Fire Marshal.
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[a]
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The Fire Department siamese connections shall
be located approximately two feet above ground level or as otherwise
directed by the Fire Marshal.
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[b]
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Each Fire Department siamese connection shall
be provided with a conspicuous durable and permanently legible sign
reading, "Dry Standpipe for Fire Department Use Only."
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[c]
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The Fire Department siamese connections shall
be equipped with two-and-one-half-inch N.S.T. male couplings with
caps or plugs equipped with chains and clapper valves.
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912.8 Fire protection equipment: minimum
requirements for fire alarm systems.
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(1)
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The following minimum requirements for an approved
fire alarm system are hereby established, but additional requirements
may be imposed by the Fire Marshal when more stringent regulations
are deemed necessary:
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(a)
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All exposed wiring must be installed in approved
metallic raceway or armored cable [BX]. The source of current for
fire alarm systems shall be taken from the service side of the main
switch and shall terminate in a fused safety switch prominently stenciled
"FIRE ALARM." The fused switch shall be located within three feet
of the main switch.
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(b)
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Automatic fire-detecting equipment shall be
installed at the top of the basement or cellar stairway and throughout
all parts of the basement or cellar. Combination rate-of-rise and
fixed-temperature detectors shall be used and shall be installed on
the ceiling. A sufficient number of sounding devices approved by the
Fire Marshal shall be installed on each floor of the building and
be so arranged that they may be heard in all parts of the building
above all other normal sounds.
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(c)
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One hammerless break-glass station shall be
installed on the first floor of the building within 10 feet of the
primary exit. A spare glass and a key for the same shall be kept at
the fire alarm control box.
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(d)
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An inspection certificate from an approved rating
bureau showing that the installation has been inspected and approved
shall be supplied to the Fire Marshal by the company which installed
the approved fire alarm system.
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(2)
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After-ring fire alarm. All coded fire alarm
systems required by the Department of Labor and Industry of the Commonwealth,
except pre-signal systems, shall be provided with a relay that will
sound all alarm devices automatically and continuously after the code
cycle is completed and until the system is turned off manually at
the main control panel.
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912.9 Fire protection equipment: regulations
applying solely to private fire hydrants.
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(1)
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Private fire hydrants connected to sufficient
water supply for fire-fighting purposes shall be provided in new or
existing real estate subdivisions, on new and existing streets, in
shopping centers, educational institutions, apartment complexes and
similar occupancies at the direction of the Fire Marshal, who shall
consult with an approved rating bureau directing such installations.
When new streets are taken over and made public by the Township, all
private fire hydrants on such streets become public, and thereafter
water rental charges for the same are borne by the Township.
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(2)
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Private fire hydrants shall adhereto the following
specifications: four-and-one-half-inch V.O. A-24009-17 hydrants, with
two two-and-one-half-inch N.S.T. couplings, one four-and-one-half-inch
Pumper Nozzle F-547, one nine-sixteenths-inch pent nut open right
and either a six-inch hub shoe or a six-inch mechanical-joint shoe.
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912.10 Liquefied petroleum gas.
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(1)
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Used as fuel for space heaters for drying and
winter protection during construction work.
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(a)
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Only Department of Transportation shipping cylinders
not exceeding 100 pounds' capacity shall be used as containers for
liquefied petroleum gas. In addition, the valve on the cylinder shall
be protected when in storage or transportation by a protective cap
or other device approved by the Fire Marshall in order to give adequate
protection against valve damage.
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(b)
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Each cylinder in use shall be adequately supported
in an upright position. Where the space heater and cylinder are located
on the same floor, not more than one cylinder shall be used for each
400 square feet of floor space to be heated. For concrete protection
only where cylinders are placed on the floor below where heaters are
in use, not more than one heater shall be used for each 200 square
feet of floor space to be heated. Under certain climatic conditions,
additional heaters may be used when approved by the Fire Marshal.
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(c)
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Each heater shall have installed thereon a one-hundred-percent-shutoff
safety valve.
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(d)
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Only two-braid neoprene hose shall be used for
connecting the supply cylinder to the heater. Such hose shall be fitted
at each end with threaded hose unions, and the hose with fitting shall
withstand a prepressure test of 250 pounds per square inch. The length
of the hose shall not exceed 20 feet and shall be protected from damage.
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(e)
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Heaters shall be placed at least six feet from
any cylinder or any combustible material in any horizontal direction
and at least 10 feet from any tarpaulin cover. They shall not be placed
on unprotected wood flooring nor used in any unventilated areas.
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(f)
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No excess storage of liquefied petroleum gas
is permitted in the same area where heaters are being used. Excess
cylinders shall be stored in a separate storage structure satisfactory
to the Fire Marshal. Such structure shall be kept securely locked
when not in actual use and shall be provided with fire extinguishers
in accordance with National Fire Protection Association Standard No.
10. All cylinders empty or full shall be treated alike and handled
in the same manner.
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(g)
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Signs shall be installed at the storage areas
reading "Keep Open Flames and Fires Away" and "No Smoking in This
Area" and in other locations as directed by the Fire Marshal.
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(h)
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Oxygen cylinders shall not be stored in the
same storage area with liquefied petroleum gas cylinders.
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(i)
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The placement and operation of the heaters shall
be under the supervision of two persons whose names are to be registered
with the Fire Marshal.
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(j)
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All cylinders shall be stored and used in an
upright position.
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(k)
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Not more than 300 pounds of liquefied petroleum
gas shall be connected to one manifold inside a building. If more
than one manifold is required, they shall be separated by 50 feet.
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(l)
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Suitable means for fire extinguishment shall
be provided on each floor where the heaters are used. At least three-fourths-inch
hose with running water to reach all points or six water pails (protected
from freezing) for each 5,000 square feet or approved-type nonfreezing
fire-extinguishing equipment shall be provided.
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(2)
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Used for temporary space heating in field offices,
shanties, trailers or similar enclosures in connection with construction
work and temporary tents.
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(a)
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Cylinders in use shall be adequately supported
and braced in an upright position outside the structure wherein the
liquefied petroleum gas is being used.
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(b)
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Cylinders shall be adequately protected from
extreme weather conditions, mechanical injury or adjacent sources
of heat and also by a permanent protective cap or other device approved
by the Fire Marshal, in order to give adequate protection against
valve damage.
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(c)
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Cylinders shall be of a type complying with
United States Department of Transportation Specifications for the
Storage of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and of a container capacity not
to exceed 100 pounds.
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(d)
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Only two-braid neoprene hose shall be used for
connecting the supply cylinder to the heater. Such hose shall be fitted
at each end with threaded hose unions, and the hose with fitting shall
withstand a prepressure test of 250 pounds per square inch. The length
of the hose shall not exceed 20 feet and shall be protected from damage.
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(e)
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Low-pressure regulators shall be of a type approved
by the Underwriters' Laboratories or the American Gas Association.
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(f)
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When field office trailers are constructed with
the heating equipment as an integral part, including copper tubing,
the liquefied petroleum gas supply shall be connected to the copper
tubing protruding from the trailer with a threaded fining in accordance
with the requirements of Subsection 912.10(1)(d).
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(g)
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No excess storage of liquefied petroleum gas
will be permitted in the same area where heaters are being used. Excess
cylinders shall be stored in a separate storage structure satisfactory
to the Fire Marshal. Such structure shall be kept securely locked
when not in actual use and provided with fire extinguishers in accordance
with National Fire Protection Association Standard No. 10. All cylinders,
empty or full, shall be treated alike and handled in the same manner.
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(h)
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Signs shall be installed at the storage areas
reading "Keep Open Flames and Fires Away" and "No Smoking in This
Area" and in other locations as directed by the Fire Marshal.
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(i)
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Oxygen cylinders shall not be stored in the
same storage area with liquefied petroleum gas cylinders.
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(j)
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The method of manifolding two cylinders with
high-pressure copper tubing (short lengths) factory-coupled to the
automatic gas regulator is acceptable to the Fire Marshal.
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(k)
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Fire extinguishers shall be installed in accordance
with National Fire Protection Association Standard No. 10.
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912.11 Liquefied petroleum gas: used as
a fuel for heating tar kettles.
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(1)
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Only Department of Transportation shipping cylinders
not exceeding 100 pounds' capacity shall be used as containers for
the liquefied petroleum gas.
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(2)
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The connecting of liquefied petroleum gas cylinders
to tar kettle units shall be conducted outdoors.
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(3)
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Liquefied petroleum gas cylinders in use shall
be adequately supported in an upright position and safeguarded against
damage or heat.
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(4)
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No excess cylinders shall be stored on the job
site without permission of the Fire Marshal.
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(5)
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Each portable tar kettle unit shall be provided
with an extinguisher of the carbon-dioxide or dry-chemical type containing
at least four pounds of extinguishing agent.
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(6)
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It shall be unlawful for any person to operate,
maintain or use a kindled tar kettle:
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(a)
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In any building or on roofs of any structure
unless the roof is of noncombustible construction.
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(b)
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Within 15 feet of a fire hydrant.
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(c)
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On or within two feet of the surface of any
asphalt pavement except for the purpose of repairing, removing or
constructing the same.
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(d)
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Without a pressure regulator and excess-flow
check valve approved by the Underwriters' Laboratories and also provided
with a shutoff valve at the cylinder.
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912.12 Restaurants; kitchen protection.
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(1)
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All institutional and commercial kitchen hood
and exhaust duct systems shall be protected against grease fires by
a pressure-operated Underwriters' Laboratories listed automatic dry-chemical
or Underwriters' Laboratories listed automatic carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing
system.
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(2)
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The system shall also have a manual control
so that the plenum area behind the filters and the exhaust duct system
can be flooded with a high concentration of dry chemical or carbon
dioxide to eliminate the possibility of fire being sustained and expanded.
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(3)
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The exhaust fan in said duct system shall be
either automatically turned off when the system is activated or allowed
to continue operating in accordance with the recommendation of the
manufacturer and approval of the Fire Marshal.
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(4)
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After the effective date of this Fire Code,
all future installations of fire-extinguishing systems shall be extended
to include the deep-fat fryers if the kitchen is equipped with the
same. In the event that the deep-fat fryers are gas-fired, an automatic
gas shutoff valve shall be installed that will automatically stop
the flow of gas when the fire-protection system is activated.
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912.13 Restaurants.
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(1)
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Approval of plans. Before any automatic fire-protection
equipment is installed or altered in any restaurant kitchen, detailed
plans thereof shall first be submitted to and approved in writing
by an approved rating bureau, and thereafter said plans shall be submitted
to and approved in writing by the Fire Marshal. Nothing contained
herein shall be construed to prevent the installation of other types
of automatic fire-protection restaurant equipment than those specified
herein, when such equipment is approved, in writing, by an approved
rating bureau and by the Fire Marshal.
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(2)
|
Inspection and tests. At least annually, all
automatic fire-protection systems in restaurants shall be thoroughly
inspected and checked for proper operation by a competent engineer
or inspector. Regular service contracts with the manufacturer or installing
company are desirable and recommended. The goal of such inspections
and testing shall be not only to ensure that the system is in full
operating condition but also to indicate the probable continuance
of that condition until the next inspection. Attention to each inspection
shall be given to any extension of the hazard protected by the system.
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(a)
|
Suitable discharge tests shall be made when
any inspection indicates their advisability. The engineer's report
with recommendations shall be filed with the owner. Between the regular
service contract inspection or tests, the system shall be inspected
visually or otherwise by approved or competent personnel following
an approved schedule.
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(b)
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At least semiannually, the contents of all expellent
gas containers shall be checked by pressure or weight as stipulated
by the manufacturer against the required minimum. Also, at least semiannually,
the dry chemical in the system shall be examined to determine whether
it is in freely running powdery condition.
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(3)
|
Maintenance. All automatic fire-protection systems
in restaurants shall be maintained in full operating condition at
air times. Impairment and restoration of the system must be reported
promptly to the Fire Marshal. Any difficulties or impairments shall
be corrected at once by competent personnel.
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(4)
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Instruction. All persons who inspect, test,
maintain or operate automatic fire-protection systems in restaurants
shall be thoroughly trained and kept thoroughly trained in the functions
they are expected to perform. Training programs approved by the Fire
Marshal shall be established for this purpose.
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C.
The Township shall keep in full force and effect the
following requirements in its building code which provisions were
in effect as of July 1, 1999:
[Added 9-22-2004 by Ord. No. 21-2004]
(1)
All repairs and alterations to residential buildings
shall comply with the Township's building code adopted on May 26,
2004, and any successor code adopted by the Township pursuant to Act
45 of 1999.
(2)
Construction, alteration, enlargement, replacement,
repair, removal and demolition of utility and miscellaneous use structures
which are greater than 500 square feet in area shall comply with the
Township's building code adopted on May 26, 2004, and any successor
code adopted by the Township pursuant to Act 45 of 1999.
