[HISTORY: Adopted by the Water Department of the Town of Wayland 12-4-1995. Amendments noted where applicable.]
The purpose of this chapter is to:
A. 
Protect the public potable water supply of Wayland from the possibility of contamination or pollution by isolating within the customer's internal distribution system or the customer's private water system such contaminants or pollutants that could backflow into the public water system;
B. 
Promote the elimination or control of existing cross-connections, actual or potential, between the customer's in-plant potable water system and nonpotable water systems, plumbing fixtures and industrial piping systems; and
C. 
Provide for the maintenance of a continuing program of cross-connection control that will systematically and effectively prevent the contamination or pollution of all potable water systems.
The Water Superintendent shall be responsible for the protection of the public potable water distribution system from contamination or pollution due to the backflow of contaminants or pollutants through the water service connection. If, in the judgment of said Water Superintendent, an approved backflow-prevention assembly is required at the customer's water service connection or within the customer's private water system for the safety of the water system, the Water Superintendent or his/her designated agent shall give notice, in writing, to said customer to install such an approved backflow-prevention assembly at a specific location on his/her premises. The customer shall immediately install such approved assembly at his/her own expense, and failure, refusal or inability on the part of the customer to install, have tested and maintain said assembly shall constitute grounds for discontinuing water service to the premises until such requirements have been satisfactorily met.
As used in this chapter, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated:
APPROVED
Accepted by the authority responsible as meeting an applicable specification stated or cited in this chapter or as suitable for the proposed use.
AUXILIARY WATER SUPPLY
Any water supply on or available to the premises other than the purveyor's approved public water supply. These auxiliary waters may include water from another purveyor's public potable water supply or any natural source, such as a well, spring, river, stream, harbor, and so forth, used waters or industrial fluids. These waters may be contaminated or polluted or they may be objectionable and constitute an unacceptable water source over which the water purveyor does not have sanitary control.
BACKFLOW
The undesirable reversal of flow in a potable water distribution system as a result of a cross-connection.
BACKFLOW PREVENTER
An assembly or means designed to prevent backflow.
A. 
AIR GAPThe unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet conveying water or waste to a tank, plumbing fixture, receptor or other assembly and the flood level rim of the receptacle. These vertical, physical separations must be at least twice the diameter of the water supply outlet, never less than one inch (25 millimeters).
B. 
REDUCED-PRESSURE BACKFLOW-PREVENTION ASSEMBLYThe approved reduced-pressure-principle backflow-prevention assembly consists of two independently acting approved check valves together with a hydraulically operating, mechanically independent pressure differential relief valve. These units are located between two tightly closing resilient-seated shutoff valves as an assembly and equipped with properly located resilient-seated test cocks.
C. 
DOUBLE CHECK VALVE ASSEMBLYThe approved double check valve assembly consists of two internally loaded check valves, either spring loaded or internally weighted, installed as a unit between two properly located resilient-seated test cocks. This assembly shall only be used to protect against a non-health-hazard (that is, a pollutant).
BACKPRESSURE
A pressure, higher than the supply pressure, caused by a pump, elevated tank, boiler or any other means that may cause backflow.
BACKSIPHONAGE
Backflow caused by negative or reduced pressure in the supply piping.
CONTAMINATION
An impairment of a potable water supply by the introduction or admission of any foreign substance that degrades the quality and creates a health hazard.
CROSS-CONNECTION
A connection or potential connection between any part of a potable water system and any other environment containing other substances in a manner that under any circumstances would allow such substances to enter the potable water system. Other substances may be gases, liquids or solids, such as chemicals, waste products, steam, water from other sources (potable or nonpotable) or any matter that may change color or add odor to the water.
CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL
A connection between a potable water system and a nonpotable water system with an approved backflow-prevention assembly properly installed and maintained so that it will continuously afford the protection commensurate with the degree of hazard.
CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL BY CONTAMINANT
A. 
The installation of an approved backflow-prevention assembly at the water service connection to any customer's premises where it is physically and economically unfeasible to find and permanently eliminate or control all actual or potential cross-connections within the customer's water system; or
B. 
The installation of an approved backflow-prevention assembly on the service line leading to and supplying a portion of a customer's water system where there are actual or potential cross-connections that cannot be effectively eliminated or controlled at the point of the cross-connection.
HAZARD, DEGREE OF
The term is derived from an evaluation of the potential risk to public health and the adverse effect of the hazard upon the potable water system.
A. 
HAZARD, HEALTHA cross-connection or potential cross-connection involving any substance that could, if introduced in the potable water supply, cause death or illness, spread disease or have a high probability of causing such effects.
B. 
HAZARD, PLUMBINGA plumbing-type cross-connection in a consumer's potable water system that has not been properly protected by an approved air gap or an approved backflow-prevention assembly.
C. 
HAZARD, NON-HEALTHA cross-connection or potential cross-connection involving any substance that generally would not be a health hazard but would constitute a nuisance or be aesthetically objectionable if introduced into a potable water supply.
D. 
HAZARD, SYSTEMAn actual or potential threat of severe damage to the physical properties of the public potable water system or the consumer's potable water system or of a pollution or contamination that would have a protracted effect on the quality of the potable water in the system.
INDUSTRIAL FLUIDS SYSTEM
Any system containing a fluid or solution that may be chemically, biologically or otherwise contaminated or polluted in a form or concentration such as would constitute a health, system, pollution or plumbing hazard if introduced into an approved water supply. This may include, but shall not be limited to, polluted or contaminated waters; all types of process waters and used waters originating from the public potable water system that may have deteriorated in sanitary quality; chemicals in fluid form; plating acids and alkalis; circulating cooling waters biologically treated or stabilized with toxic substances; contaminated natural waters such as wells, springs, streams, rivers, bays, harbors, seas, irrigation canals or systems and so forth; oils, gases, glycerin, paraffin and caustic and acid solutions; and other liquid and gaseous fluids used in industrial or other purposes for fire-fighting purposes.
POLLUTION
The presence of any foreign substance in water that tends to degrade its quality so as to constitute a non-health-hazard or impair the usefulness of the water.
SERVICE CONNECTION
The terminal end of a service connection from the public potable water system, that is, where the water purveyor loses jurisdiction and sanitary control over the water at its point of delivery to the customer's water system. If a meter is installed at the end of the service connection, then the service connection shall mean the downstream end of the meter. There should be no unprotected takeoffs from the service line ahead of any meter or backflow-prevention assembly located at the point of delivery to the customer's water system. Service connection shall also include water service connection from a fire hydrant and all other temporary or emergency water service connections from the public potable water system.
WATER, NONPOTABLE
Water that is not safe for human consumption or that is of questionable quality.
WATER, POTABLE
Water that is safe for human consumption as described by the public health authority having jurisdiction.
WATER SUPERINTENDENT
The Superintendent in charge of the Water Department of Wayland, who is invested with the authority and responsibility for the implementation of an effective cross-connection control program and for the enforcement of the provisions of this chapter.
WATER, USED
Any water supplied by a water purveyor from a public potable water system to a consumer's water system after it has passed through the point of delivery and is no longer under the sanitary control of the water purveyor.
A. 
The water system shall be considered as made up of two parts: the utility system and the customer system.
B. 
The utility system shall consist of the source facilities and the distribution system and shall include all those facilities of the water system under the complete control of the utility, up to the point where the customer's system begins.
C. 
The source facilities shall include all components of the facilities utilized in the production, treatment, storage and delivery of water to the distribution system.
D. 
The distribution system shall include the network of conduits used for the delivery of water from the source to the customer's system.
E. 
The customer's system shall include those parts of the facilities beyond the termination of the utility distribution system that are utilized in conveying utility-delivered domestic water to points of use.
No water service connection to any premises shall be installed or maintained by the water purveyor unless the water supply is protected as required by state-provincial laws and regulations and this chapter. Service of water to any premises shall be discontinued by the water purveyor if a backflow-prevention assembly required by this chapter is not installed, if the assembly has been removed or bypassed or if an unprotected cross-connection exists on the premises. Service will not be restored until such conditions or defects are corrected.
The customer's system should be open for inspection at all reasonable times to authorized representatives of the Water Department to determine whether cross-connections or other structural or sanitary hazards, including violations of these regulations, exist. When such a condition becomes known, the Water Superintendent shall deny or immediately discontinue service to the premises by providing for a physical break in the service line until the customer has corrected the condition(s) in conformance with state-provincial and town statutes relating to plumbing and water supplies and the regulations adopted pursuant thereto.
An approved backflow-prevention assembly shall be installed on each service line to a customer's water system at or near the property line or immediately inside the building being served, but in all cases before the first branch line leading off the service line wherever the following conditions exist:
A. 
In the case of premises having an auxiliary water supply that is not or may not be of safe bacteriological or chemical quality and that is not acceptable as an additional source by the Water Superintendent, the public water system shall be protected against backflow from the premises by installing an approved backflow-prevention assembly in the service line, appropriate to the degree of hazard.
B. 
In the case of premises on which any industrial fluids or any other objectionable substances are handled in such a fashion as to create an actual or potential hazard to the public water system, the public system shall be protected against backflow from the premises by installing an approved backflow-prevention assembly in the service line, appropriate to the degree of hazard. This shall include the handling of process waters and waters originating from the utility system that have been subject to deterioration in quality.
C. 
In the case of premises having internal cross-connections that cannot be permanently corrected and controlled or intricate plumbing and piping arrangements or where entry to all portions of the premises is not readily accessible for inspection purposes, making it impracticable or impossible to ascertain whether or not dangerous cross-connections exist, the public water system shall be protected against backflow from the premises by installing an approved backflow-prevention assembly in the service line.
A. 
The type of protective assembly required under § 401-7 shall depend upon the degree of hazard that exists as follows:
(1) 
In the case of any premises where there is an auxiliary water supply as stated in § 401-7A of this chapter and it is not subject to any of the following rules, the public water system shall be protected by an approved air-gap separation or an approved reduced-pressure-principle backflow-prevention assembly.
(2) 
In the case of any premises where there is water or a substance that would be objectionable but not hazardous to health if introduced into the public water system, the public water system shall be protected by an approved double check valve assembly.
(3) 
In the case of any premises where there is any material dangerous to health that is handled in such a fashion as to create an actual or potential hazard to the public water system, the public water system shall be protected by an approved air-gap separation or an approved reduced-pressure-principle backflow-prevention assembly. Examples of premises where these conditions will exist include sewage treatment plants, sewage pumping stations, chemical manufacturing plants, hospitals, mortuaries and plating plants.
(4) 
In the case of any premises where there are uncontrolled cross-connections, either actual or potential, the public water system shall be protected by an approved air-gap separation or an approved reduced-pressure-principle backflow-prevention assembly at the service connection.
(5) 
In the case of any premises where, because of security requirements or other prohibitions or restrictions, it is impossible or impractical to make a complete in-plant cross-connection survey, the public water system shall be protected against backflow from the premises by either an approved air-gap separation or an approved reduced-pressure-principle backflow-prevention assembly on each service to the premises.
(6) 
In the case of any premises where, in the opinion of the Water Superintendent, an undue health threat is posed because of the presence of an extremely toxic substance, the Water Superintendent may require an air gap at the service connection to protect the public water system. This requirement will be at the discretion of the Water Superintendent and is dependent on the degree of hazard.
B. 
Any backflow-prevention assembly required herein shall be a model and size approved by the Water Superintendent.
(1) 
The term "approved backflow-prevention assembly" shall mean an assembly that has been manufactured in full conformance with the standards established by the American Water Works Association (AWWA), titled "AWWA C510-89, Standard for Double Check Valve Backflow-Prevention Assembly" and "AWWA C511-89, Standard for Reduced-Pressure-Principle Backflow-Prevention Assembly," and has met completely the laboratory and field performance specifications of the Foundation for Cross-Connection Control and Hydraulic Research (FCCHR) of the University of Southern California established by the Specification of Backflow-Prevention Assemblies, Section 10 of the most current issue of the Manual of Cross-Connection Control.
(2) 
Said AWWA and FCCHR standards and specifications have been adopted by the Water Superintendent. Final approval shall be evidenced by a certificate of approval issued by an approved testing laboratory certifying full compliance with said AWWA standards and FCCHR specifications. In addition, backflow prevention devices must be approved for use by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (DEP).
(3) 
The following testing laboratory has been qualified by the Water Superintendent to test and certify backflow preventers:
Foundation for Cross-Connection Control and
Hydraulic Research
University of Southern California
University Park
Los Angeles, CA 90089
(4) 
Testing laboratories, other than the laboratory listed above, will be added to an approved list as they are qualified by the Water Superintendent.
(5) 
Backflow preventers that may be subjected to backpressure or backsiphonage that have been fully tested and have been granted a certificate of approval by said qualified laboratory and are listed on the laboratory's current list of approved backflow-prevention assemblies may be used without further testing or qualification.
[Amended 10-15-1997]
A. 
Beginning on January 1, 1988, all testing of backflow-prevention devices conducted in accordance with these regulations must be conducted by a person who is a certified backflow-prevention device tester.
B. 
Within 14 days after the installation of devices in accordance with plans reviewed and approved by the reviewing authority, the owner or owner's agent shall notify the reviewing authority to arrange inspection of the installation by the reviewing authority.
C. 
Reduced-pressure backflow preventers, double check-valve assemblies, pressure-type vacuum breakers and air-gap separations may be inspected and tested by the Department or the supplier of water at any item.
D. 
The supplier of water shall test each reduced-pressure backflow preventer and double check-valve assembly and shall inspect air-gap separations with tank and pump arrangements semiannually. If the supply is used less than six months of the year, these devices shall be inspected and tested by the supplier of water once each year. The test shall be conducted by a certified backflow-prevention device tester and recorded on the Department's inspection and maintenance report form. Copies of the inspection forms shall be submitted to the Department and the owner.
E. 
The owner shall test each reduced-pressure backflow preventer and double check-valve assembly once each year. The test shall be conducted by a certified backflow-prevention device tester and recorded on the Department's inspection and maintenance report forms. One copy of the inspection and maintenance report form shall be submitted to the Department along with the annual permit application form and permit fee.
F. 
Devices failing a test or found defective shall be overhauled, repaired or replaced by a plumber licensed by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to the extent required by 248 CMR 2.04(3). These devices must be reinspected within two weeks of the initial inspection date, and a report of the failure and repair shall be submitted by the owner or owner's agent to the Department on the Department's inspection and maintenance report form within two weeks of the repair.
G. 
No two routine tests required by this section shall be conducted within three months of each other without the written approval of the Department.
H. 
The owner or owner's agent must maintain on the premises a spare parts kit and any special tools required for removal and reassembly of devices which are to be tested. The presence of these materials must be recorded on the inspection and maintenance report form.
I. 
The owner or owner's agent must provide labor on the premises as necessary to allow inspection and testing of devices by the Department, the supplier of water or certified backflow-prevention device testers.
J. 
The owner or owner's agent shall notify the Department and the supplier of water, in writing, no later than 30 days prior to the removal from service of any permitted device, and such notification shall include the reason for removal and must indicate if the cross-connection has been eliminated.
All presently installed backflow-prevention assemblies that do not meet the requirements of this chapter but were approved assemblies for the purpose described herein at the time of installation and that have been properly maintained shall, except for the inspection and maintenance requirements under § 401-9, be excluded from the requirements of these rules so long as the Water Superintendent is assured that they will satisfactorily protect the utility system. Whenever the existing assembly is moved from the present location or requires more than minimum maintenance or when the Water Superintendent finds that the maintenance constitutes a hazard to health, the unit shall be replaced by an approved backflow-prevention assembly meeting the requirements of this chapter.