This section identifies the use-specific standards for all principal uses identified in Table 72-40.2, Use Table, as subject to "additional requirements." These use-specific standards are the requirements applied to individual use types regardless of the zoning district in which they are located or the review procedure by which they are approved. These standards may be modified by other applicable requirements in this chapter. All principal uses, including business uses shall be located in a structure that includes a permanent foundation and connection to public utilities.
A. 
Dormitories. All dormitories shall be accessory to an educational facility located on the same site or campus, and house only persons who are students or staff at the educational facility.
B. 
Dwellings, duplex. Duplex dwellings shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
Except for circular driveways, no duplex dwelling lot shall be served by more than one driveway on the same block face.
(2) 
Ground based, roof-based, and wall-mounted electrical equipment, HVAC equipment and other utility connection devices shall be grouped and shall be screened or located outside the view from any adjacent public street.
C. 
Dwellings, live/work. Live/work dwellings shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
The residential portion of the building shall occupy over 50% of the gross floor area.
(2) 
The nonresidential portion of the building shall be located on the ground floor.
(3) 
The nonresidential portion of the building shall comply with all applicable nonresidential Uniform Statewide Building Code requirements.
(4) 
Employees shall be limited to occupants of the residential portion of the building plus up to one person not residing in the residential portion.
(5) 
Drive-through facilities are prohibited.
(6) 
The use shall comply with the parking, and landscaping standards for mixed uses in Article 72-5, Development Standards.
(7) 
Any nonresidential off-street parking shall be located as far as practicable from existing adjacent single-family detached dwellings.
D. 
Dwellings, mobile home. Mobile home parks shall comply with the following requirements:
(1) 
Development within R-MH districts shall require site plan approval as set forth in Article 72-5 of this chapter.
(2) 
No space in a mobile home park shall be rented for residential use except for periods of 30 days or more.
(3) 
No mobile home shall be located in any park unless it can be demonstrated that it meets the requirements of the Mobile Home Manufacturers' Association's Mobile Home Standards for Plumbing, Heating and Electric Systems, as amended from time to time, as well as other qualifying standards adopted by the state.
(4) 
Every mobile home site as described on the site plan shall be clearly defined on the ground by permanent monuments to be located by field survey.
(5) 
Every mobile home site shall be provided with a mobile home stand designed to provide adequate loadbearing support. The stand shall be located as to provide for the most practical placement of the mobile home and its appurtenant structures in a manner complying with all requirements of this district. Each mobile home shall be securely anchored to each stand to prevent overturning and shifting, in accordance with National Fire Protection Association Standards, as amended from time to time.
(6) 
No mobile home site shall extend into a floodplain.
(7) 
Every mobile home shall be provided with an outdoor patio to be adequately paved with asphalt or concrete material and located convenient to the entrance of the mobile home. The paved area shall be at least 200 square feet.
(8) 
All mobile home sites shall abut a private street or driveway and have unobstructed access to a public street. Private streets and driveways shall be constructed in accordance with the standards and criteria of the Zoning Administrator.
(9) 
Sidewalks shall be provided for safe, convenient, all-season access from mobile home stands to paved streets, parking spaces, and other concentrated pedestrian areas.
(10) 
Street lighting shall be provided, with final layout and design subject to final plan approval.
(11) 
An acceptable garbage and refuse collection program and temporary storage system shall be provided, with such program and physical system subject to final plan approval. At a minimum, the owner shall collect garbage and refuse not less than twice weekly, ensuring that collection is provided on a site-by-site, curbside basis.
(12) 
A landscaped buffer 15 feet in width shall be maintained around the perimeter of the mobile home park, with plant materials and placement thereof subject to final plan approval.
(13) 
Any expansion of existing mobile home parks or mobile home developments must result in full compliance with all regulations contained in this section.
E. 
Dwellings, multifamily. Multifamily uses shall comply with the following requirements:
(1) 
No accessory structure shall be less than 10 feet from another structure.
(2) 
No improved recreation area shall be located within required exterior setbacks or within 20 feet of any dwelling unit.
(3) 
No individual building shall exceed a length of 250 feet.
F. 
Dwelling, single-family attached. Single-family attached uses shall comply with the following requirements when arranged as townhouses:
[Amended 9-8-2020 by Ord. No. 20-20]
(1) 
A single-family attached building shall contain at least three units (six units, if in vertical stacks of two units) but no more than eight side-by-side dwelling units (sixteen units, if in vertical stacks of two side-by-side dwelling units).
[Amended 1-23-2024 by Ord. No. 23-22]
(2) 
Individual buildings containing single-family attached units shall be separated from one another by at least 20 feet.
(3) 
No more than two abutting units in a row shall have the same front and rear setbacks, with a minimum setback offset being 2 1/2 feet.
(4) 
Nothing in these standards shall prevent a deck from encroaching into a required rear yard setback.
(5) 
No more than one single-family dwelling may be located on a single lot, except for vertical stacks of two units on one lot or in Planned Development Districts, where more than one single-family attached dwelling may be located on a single lot, in accordance with a General Development Plan.
[Amended 1-23-2024 by Ord. No. 23-22]
G. 
Dwelling single-family detached. No more than one single-family detached dwelling may be located on a single lot, except in Planned Development Districts, where more than one single-family detached dwelling may be located on a single lot, in accordance with a General Development Plan.
[Amended 1-23-2024 by Ord. No. 23-22]
H. 
Dwelling, upper-story. Upper-story residential dwelling units shall occupy the second or higher floor of a building with a nonresidential use on the ground floor.
[Amended 2-11-2014 by Ord. No. 14-07; 10-24-2017 by Ord. No. 17-27; 10-23-2018 by Ord. No. 18-16; 7-13-2021 by Ord. No. 21-19; 3-11-2025 by Ord. No. 25-02; 12-9-2025 by Ord. No. 25-21]
A. 
Adult day-care center.
(1) 
Adult day-care centers for more than 12 adults require a special use permit within the R-2, R-4, and R-8 Zoning Districts.
(2) 
Adult day-care centers shall be licensed as applicable by the State Board of Health or the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services in accordance with Virginia Code.
B. 
Convention center (new). Convention centers shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
The parcel or site shall have an area of at least five acres.
(2) 
The building shall be located at least 500 feet from any R-2, R-4, or R-8 Residential Zoning District.
(3) 
Dining and banquet facilities may be provided for employees, trainees, and conferees, provided the gross floor area devoted to such facilities does not exceed 50% of the total floor area of the principal building.
(4) 
On-site recreational facilities may be provided for use by employees, trainees, or conferees.
C. 
Child-care center. Child-care centers, including preschools, shall comply with all applicable state regulations for child-care centers, including state license requirements, as well as the following standards:
(1) 
Location. If not located in a stand-alone building, a child day-care center shall be segregated (including the restrooms) from the remaining portion of the building in which it is located.
(2) 
Outdoor play areas. Outdoor play areas shall be provided and shall:
(a) 
Be completely enclosed by a fence;
(b) 
Be safely segregated from parking, loading, or service areas; and
(c) 
Not be operated for outdoor play activities after 8:00 p.m.
(3) 
The parking areas and vehicular circulation for the child day-care center shall be designed to enhance the safety of children as they arrive at and leave the facility. A description or illustration detailing the plan for drop-off and pick-up safety shall be provided.
(4) 
Accessory uses. If operated as an accessory use to a retail sales and service or office use, the gross floor area of a child-care center shall not exceed 25% of the gross floor area of the principal use.
D. 
Heliport. A heliport shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
The heliport shall provide adequate land area for safe take-offs and landings in accordance with standards of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
(2) 
Where located within 500 feet of an R Residential District, or existing single-family residential development, a helicopter landing facility shall provide an adequate buffer along the property line to ensure the facility does not adversely impact surrounding uses.
E. 
Data Center.
(1) 
Differentiated surfaces.
(a) 
Any building facade visible from adjacent properties or public streets shall incorporate differentiation that breaks the mass of the facade every 100 horizontal linear feet and no less frequent than three times the average height of the building by changes in at least two of the following design elements: building height, facade step-back or recesses (minimum two-and-one-half foot depth), fenestration, facade materials, pattern, texture, color, or use of accent materials. All visible facades of a building must be consistent in terms of design, materials, details, and treatment.
(b) 
Windows, doors, or similar fenestration design features such as faux windows must be distributed horizontally and vertically across the facade and comprise a minimum of 15% of each visible building facade. A green-wall treatment may be provided to meet up to half of the required 15% area.
(c) 
The following elements shall be included in the building design:
(i) 
A main entrance feature that is differentiated from the remainder of the facade;
(ii) 
High albedo or light-colored roof;
(iii) 
Enclosures for on-site generators; and
(iv) 
Shrouds for any exhaust stacks.
(2) 
Building facade material requirements.
(a) 
Primary facade materials shall be limited to one or more of the following: tinted textured masonry block, pre-cast concrete, tilt-up concrete panels, brick or stone veneer, glass (clear or architectural panels), stucco and external insulation finish system that simulates a stucco appearance, metal panel systems, structural metal siding, or smooth-faced concrete blocks. All metal panels shall be fully engineered, architectural quality systems.
(b) 
Accent or trim building materials may include any of the primary facade materials, wood, fiber cement, vinyl, or composite trim.
(3) 
Screening of accessory equipment. To minimize visibility from adjacent public streets and properties outside of common ownership or operated as a campus as defined by Section 72-34.9, Subsection B, ground-level and rooftop accessory equipment shall be screened. Screening may be provided by a principal building or Type D perimeter buffer that will remain on site or is within a vegetated buffer (with an easement) on an adjacent property. Accessory equipment not screened by a principal building or perimeter buffer shall be screened by a visually solid fence, screen wall or panel, parapet wall, or other visually solid screen that shall be constructed of materials compatible with those used in the exterior construction of the principal building. Notwithstanding the requirements of this subpart, accessory equipment in size or scale comparable with adjacent commercial, residential, or mixed use property at the time of the site plan approval, shall not be required to be screened. Further, this Subsection D(3) shall not apply to electric substations, transmission, and distribution facilities.
(4) 
A water-based cooling system associated with a data center shall be evaluated to determine whether existing public water and sanitary sewer conveyance and treatment facilities are adequate for the proposed use; and whether there is sufficient water capacity available to supply the proposed use.
F. 
Family day homes.
(1) 
Family day homes shall comply with all applicable state regulations for family day homes, including state license requirements.
(2) 
Family day homes with six to 12 children shall require written notice under § 72-21.9.
G. 
Hospital. A hospital shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
Be located on a site or parcel with an area of at least five acres;
(2) 
Be located on a parcel that fronts or has direct access to a major arterial or collector street;
(3) 
Locate the emergency vehicle entrance on a major arterial or collector street;
(4) 
Not locate an emergency vehicle entrance in an area across the street from a residential zoning district;
(5) 
Ensure that principal structures are located at least 100 feet from any lot line.
H. 
Schools, elementary/middle/high. Any temporary structures needed for the expansion of an elementary, middle, or high school located within the residential districts, and on a site or parcel with an area of 20 acres or less, shall comply with the following requirements:
(1) 
Not be located between the principal building and any abutting right-of-way, unless there is no other practical alternative due to topography, the presence of utilities or easements, the existence of undisturbed open space and buffers, or other site features beyond the landowner's control; and
(2) 
Have the base of the structure screened from view from abutting properties and public streets.
I. 
Solar array. Solar arrays shall be configured to avoid glare and heat transference to adjacent lands.
[Amended 2-11-2014 by Ord. No. 14-07; 1-10-2017 by Ord. No. 16-29; 8-22-2017 by Ord. No. 17-19; 11-14-2017 by Ord. No. 17-22; 7-9-2019 by Ord. No. 19-25; 9-13-2022 by Ord. No. 22-18; 12-9-2025 by Ord. No. 25-20]
A. 
Adult uses.
(1) 
An adult store or adult entertainment establishment shall be located at least 600 feet from the following uses and zoning districts located within the City corporate limits or within a neighboring jurisdiction: any religious institution, primary or secondary school (public or private), public park, playground, athletic field or related use; community building; day-care center; single-family residence, duplex, attached single-family, multifamily residence or an R Residential Zoning District, a Planned Development-Residential District, or Planned Development Mixed-Use District. This distance shall be measured from the principal entrance of the adult store or adult entertainment establishment to the closest property line of the protected use or the residential zoning district boundary.
(2) 
An adult store or adult entertainment establishment shall be located at least 1,000 feet from any other adult store or adult entertainment establishment in existence on the date on which the adult entertainment establishment obtains its zoning permit. This distance shall be measured from the property line of one business to the property line of the other.
(3) 
The street elevation of the principal structure of an adult store or adult entertainment establishment shall have at least one street-oriented entrance, and contain the principal windows of the adult store or adult entertainment establishment.
(4) 
No adult store or adult entertainment establishment shall display adult media, depictions of specified sexual activities or specified anatomical areas, sexually oriented goods or depictions of sexually oriented goods, in its window, in a manner visible (by normal unaided vision) from the street, highway, public sidewalk, or the property of others. Window areas shall remain transparent and shall not be made opaque.
(5) 
An adult entertainment establishment shall not open to the public for business before 11:00 a.m. Hours of operation shall not extend after midnight. Any video-viewing booth or arcade booth shall be constructed so that the viewing area is visible from a continuous main aisle. The viewing area shall not be obscured by any curtain, door, wall, or other enclosure.
B. 
Animal care uses. Animal shelters, kennels (indoor and outdoor), and veterinary clinics shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
The animal care use shall be sufficiently insulated so no noise or odor can be detected off the premises.
(2) 
Any open runs or pens used to house animals shall be located at least 75 feet from any lot line.
(3) 
Accessory uses to a kennel or veterinary clinic may include retail sales and grooming services, as long as the accessory uses do not occupy more than 25% of the total gross floor area of the principal building.
C. 
Arenas and stadiums. Arenas and stadiums shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
Arenas and stadiums shall be located at least 1,000 feet from single-family residential zoning districts.
(2) 
Stadiums shall be located on a site or parcel with an area of at least five acres.
(3) 
Arenas and stadiums shall be located on a site or parcel that, at the primary point of access, has at least 200 feet of frontage on a collector street.
(4) 
Arenas and stadiums shall locate access points to minimize traffic to and through local streets in residential neighborhoods.
D. 
Automotive sales and rentals, small and large scale. Uses primarily involving the sales or rental of automobiles, trucks, travel trailers, or recreational vehicles shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
No vehicle or equipment displays shall be located within a required setback or perimeter buffer.
(2) 
The use shall not have more than one vehicle display pad for every 100 feet of street frontage. The vehicle display pad may be elevated up to two feet above adjacent displays or grade level.
(3) 
No vehicles or other similar items shall be displayed on the top of a building.
(4) 
All lights and lighting shall be designed and arranged so no source of light is directly visible from any residential district or existing residential use.
(5) 
No other materials for sale shall be displayed between the principal structure and the street it faces.
(6) 
On a multiuse parcel, the size of the area of the premises of an automobile sales and rental use shall include only that area principally devoted to the automobile sales and rental use, including required setbacks or perimeter buffers, vehicle display areas, and any buildings, portions of buildings, or structures in which the use is carried out.
E. 
Automotive service. Automotive repair and service uses not involving painting or bodywork service shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
The use shall be designed to ensure proper functioning of the site as related to vehicle stacking, circulation, and turning movements.
(2) 
Repair of all vehicles shall occur within an enclosed building. Temporary outdoor vehicle storage may be allowed in an outdoor storage area. To the maximum extent practicable, outdoor vehicle storage shall be located behind or to the side of the principal structure, and screened with a wooden fence or masonry wall, in accordance with § 72-56, Fences and walls.
(3) 
The use shall provide adequate, enclosed trash storage facilities on the site.
(4) 
If gasoline is sold on-site, the use shall also comply with the standards for a gasoline sales use in § 72-41.3, Gasoline sales.
(5) 
Vehicles shall not be parked or stored as a source of parts.
(6) 
Vehicles that are repaired and are awaiting removal shall not be stored or parked for more than 30 consecutive days. In cases where a vehicle is abandoned by its lawful owner before or during the repair process, the vehicle may remain on site as long as is necessary after the thirty-day period, provided the owner or operator of the establishment demonstrates steps have been taken to remove the vehicle from the premises using the appropriate legal means.
(7) 
No other material for sale shall be displayed between the principal structure and the street it faces.
F. 
Bed-and-breakfast inn. Bed-and-breakfast inns shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
Operated in a principal building and not in any accessory building or structure.
(2) 
The front yard of an inn shall not be used for parking. If parking cannot be provided on the site, it must be provided within 500 feet of the site.
(3) 
A maximum of five guest rooms shall be allowed, with not more than 10 occupants.
(4) 
The facility shall be managed by an individual who resides on the premises.
(5) 
There shall be no more than one kitchen.
(6) 
Receptions and other such functions, for compensation, shall require approval of a special use permit.
G. 
Convenience stores, with gasoline sales. Convenience stores with gasoline sales shall comply with the standards for gas sales uses in § 72-41.3, Gasoline sales.
H. 
Convenience stores, without gasoline sales. Convenience stores without gasoline sales uses are permitted as a special use in the R-4 and R-8 Districts in accordance with § 72-22.6, Special use permits, provided:
(1) 
The use complies with the design standards in § 72-34.7, Neighborhood Commercial Overlay District.
I. 
Funeral homes. Funeral homes shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
The funeral home shall have its principal frontage, access, and orientation directly on an arterial street.
(2) 
The funeral home shall have a buffer between it and any residentially-zoned property abutting or directly across the street from the funeral home site, as specified in Table 72-55.4C of this chapter.
(3) 
On-premises signage shall be oriented toward the arterial street that provides access to the site.
(4) 
All structures shall be located so as not to require access from an interior residential street.
J. 
Gasoline sales. Uses that include the retail sales of gasoline and other automotive fuels shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
If the gasoline sales use is located on a corner lot, the lot shall have an area of at least 30,000 square feet and a frontage of at least 125 feet on each street side. In all other cases, the lot shall have an area of at least 15,000 square feet and a lot width of at least 150 feet.
(2) 
The gasoline sales use shall have no more than two vehicular access points. Access points shall be located at least 75 feet from each other, at least 50 feet from any intersecting street right-of-ways, and at least 15 feet from any other lot line.
(3) 
Vehicular access points shall be no more than 40 feet wide.
(4) 
The gasoline sales use shall be designed to ensure safe and adequate vehicle stacking, circulation, and turning movements.
(5) 
Trash containers shall be fully screened by a wall that is constructed of the same material and is of the same color as the principal structure. Trash containers shall be located so as to minimize view from off-site areas.
K. 
Historic dependency limited office/retail. A historic dependency limited office/retail use shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
The structure housing a historic dependency lodging use shall have been built as a detached dependency (e.g., kitchen, laundry, servant quarters) to a residential use.
(2) 
The detached dependency structure shall have been previously used for commercial, office, or retail purposes.
(3) 
The detached dependency structure shall have been constructed prior to 1865.
(4) 
The dependency shall be located on a lot in or adjacent to the C-D District.
L. 
Historic dependency lodging. A historic dependency lodging use shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
The structure housing a historic dependency lodging use shall have been built as a detached dependency (e.g., kitchen, laundry, servant quarters) to a residential use.
(2) 
The detached dependency structure shall have been constructed prior to 1865.
(3) 
Each lodging unit shall be served by at least one off-street parking space.
M. 
Hotel, extended-stay. The individual units must have a valid certificate of occupancy issued by the Building Official indicating that they have all required dwelling unit features specified for an R-2 structure, as defined in the International Building Code.
N. 
Local or regional brewery, distillery, or winery. A local or regional brewery, distillery, or winery shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
A copy of the current Virginia ABC license shall be kept on file with the Zoning Administrator.
(2) 
No outdoor storage is permitted; however, a brewery may temporarily store grain in a container in a cubic foot area in accordance with the following:
(a) 
The storage shall be approved on a minor site plan.
(b) 
The storage shall not be between the building and any public right-of-way.
(c) 
The storage area shall be collocated with a loading dock where applicable.
(3) 
No outdoor events are permitted on site without an approved minor site plan, which shall show the event date, time and location; frequency; improvements; outdoor amplification systems; food trucks; and maximum occupancy, in addition to other information required for an evaluation of the minor site plan.
(4) 
The location of any loading dock is subject to approval by City Council or the Zoning Administrator, as appropriate.
(5) 
In considering a special use application, the City Council may consider whether the establishment of the use results in the rehabilitation or reuse of an existing industrial or commercial building, and whether existing public water and sanitary sewer conveyance and treatment facilities are adequate for the proposed use.
(6) 
This use may be permitted by-right in a Planned Development-Mixed Use District that is 50 acres or larger; it shall require a special use permit in any Planned Development-Mixed Use District smaller than 50 acres.
O. 
Marinas. Marinas shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
No marina shall be established on a lot less than one acre in size.
(2) 
Each lot containing a marina shall have a minimum lot frontage of 200 linear feet.
(3) 
Exterior lighting shall comply with the standards in § 72-58, Exterior lighting, and shall be directed and shielded so as to avoid glare on adjacent residential uses including residential uses across the body of water serving the marina.
(4) 
Dry stacking of boats outside enclosed structures shall be prohibited.
P. 
Medical and dental offices. Medical and dental offices are permitted as a special use in the R-4 and R-8 Districts in accordance with § 72-22.6, Special use permits, provided:
(1) 
The lot or site is designated on the City's Zoning Map entitled "Neighborhood-Oriented Commercial Uses Permitted with special use permit" on file in the Planning Department; and
(2) 
The use complies with the design standards for nonresidential uses in § 72-31.3, R-4 Residential District, or § 72-31.4, R-8 Residential District, as appropriate.
Q. 
Microbrewery. A microbrewery shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
A copy of the current Virginia ABC license shall be kept on file with the Zoning Administrator.
(2) 
No outdoor storage is permitted, however, a brewery may temporarily store grain in a container in a cubic foot area in accordance with the following:
(a) 
The storage shall be approved on a minor site plan.
(b) 
The storage shall not be between the building and any public right-of-way.
(c) 
The storage area shall be collocated with a loading dock where applicable.
(3) 
No outdoor events are permitted on the premises without an approved minor site plan, which shall show the event date, time and location; frequency; improvements; outdoor amplification systems; food trucks; and maximum occupancy, in addition to other information required for an evaluation of the minor site plan.
R. 
Parking garage. A commercial parking garage shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
Parking shall be the principal use of the parking structure, but retail sales and service and office establishments may be located on the ground floor of the structure.
(2) 
Parking spaces may be rented for parking, but no other business of any kind shall be conducted in the structure, including repair service, washing, display, or storage of vehicles or other goods.
(3) 
A commercial parking structure shall not be located contiguous to an R-2 or R-4 Zoning District.
S. 
Personal services. Personal service uses are permitted as a special use in the R-4 and R-8 Districts in accordance with § 72.22.6, Special use permits, provided:
(1) 
The use complies with the design standards in § 72-34.7, Neighborhood Commercial Overlay District.
T. 
Regional breweries, wineries, and distilleries.
(1) 
A copy of the current Virginia ABC license shall be kept on file with the Zoning Administrator.
(2) 
Outdoor storage shall conform to the standards for outdoor storage as a principal use.
(3) 
No outdoor events are permitted on site without an approved minor site plan, which shall show the event date, time and location; frequency; improvements; outdoor amplification systems; food trucks; and maximum occupancy, in addition to other information required for an evaluation of the minor site plan.
(4) 
In considering a special use application, the City Council shall consider the proposed location of a loading dock, and whether existing public water and sanitary sewer conveyance and treatment facilities are adequate for the proposed use.
U. 
Repair services. Repair services of up to 1,000 square feet in floor area are permitted as a special use in the R-4 and R-8 districts in accordance with § 72-22.6, Special use permits, provided:
(1) 
The lot or site is designated on the City's Zoning Map entitled "Neighborhood-Oriented Commercial Uses Permitted with special use permit" on file in the Planning Department; and
(2) 
The use complies with the design standards for nonresidential uses in § 72-31.3, R-4 Residential District, or § 72-31.4, R-8 Residential District, as appropriate.
V. 
Restaurants with indoor or outdoor seating.
(1) 
Generally. Restaurants having outdoor seating shall comply with the following standards:
(a) 
Except in the PDC District, the outdoor portions of the restaurant shall not operate after 10:00 p.m. in the C-T District or after 12:00 midnight in all other districts, where allowed.
(b) 
The outdoor seating area shall not obstruct the movement of pedestrians along sidewalks or through areas intended for public use.
(c) 
The outdoor seating area shall provide handicapped access.
(2) 
In the R-4 and R-8 Districts. Restaurants with indoor or outdoor seating are permitted as a special use in the R-4 and R-8 Districts in accordance with § 72-22.6, Special use permits, provided:
(a) 
The use complies with the design standards in § 72-34.7, Neighborhood Commercial Overlay District.
W. 
Seasonal events. Seasonal events are limited to outdoor concerts and other recurring outdoor events taking place on a vacant lot for no more than seven months in a calendar year. Seasonal events shall be subject to the following standards:
(1) 
The minimum parking requirements in Table 72-53.1C(2) shall be met, but the parking area does not have to meet the parking surface requirements of this chapter.
(2) 
Screening and buffering requirements in § 72-55 are only applicable if the special event is located on a lot adjacent to residential uses.
(3) 
All stormwater management standards in this chapter shall apply to special events.
X. 
Shopping centers. Financial institutions, drive-through uses, fast-food restaurants, and convenience stores shall be permitted by right when developed within the footprint of a shopping center building that includes at least five retail tenants.
Y. 
Tattoo parlor/body piercing establishment. Hours of operation shall be limited to 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.
[Added 6-8-2021 by Ord. No. 21-16[1]]
Light manufacturing uses shall comply with the following standards:
A. 
Such uses shall be wholly confined within an enclosed building.
B. 
Such uses shall not include processing of hazardous gases and chemicals.
C. 
With the Creative Maker District, production activity within such uses shall not emit persistent, repetitive noise between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. in excess of 75 decibels when measured on any adjacent private property.
D. 
Within the Creative Maker District, production activity within such uses shall not emit any sound plainly audible on any adjacent private property outside of those hours.
E. 
Such uses shall not emit plainly discernible vibration or obnoxious smoke, vapor, fumes or odor on any adjacent property. "Obnoxious" shall be defined as capable of causing detrimental effects to the physical or economic well-being of individuals, animals, or other living organisms.
F. 
A light manufacturing use may be permitted by-right in a Planned Development-Mixed Use District that is 50 acres or larger; it shall require a special use permit in any Planned Development-Mixed Use District smaller than 50 acres.
[Added 9-13-2022 by Ord. No. 22-18]
[1]
Editor's Note: This ordinance also redesignated former §§ 72-41.4 and 72-41.5 as §§ 72-41.5 and 72-41.6, respectively.
A. 
Industrial services. All industrial services uses shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
Repair of all machines shall occur within an enclosed building.
(2) 
Temporary outdoor storage may be allowed in an outdoor storage area that is no larger than 25% of the buildable area of the lot, located behind or to the side of the principal structure, and screened with a wooden fence or masonry wall in accordance with § 72-56, Fences and walls.
(3) 
The height of materials and equipment stored shall not exceed the height of the screening fence or wall.
(4) 
Industrial services uses may be permitted by-right in a Planned Development-Mixed Use District that is 50 acres or larger; they shall require a special use permit in any Planned Development-Mixed Use District smaller than 50 acres.
[Added 9-13-2022 by Ord. No. 22-18]
B. 
Equipment rental and sales. Uses primarily involving the sales, rental, or storage of heavy equipment shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
The use shall be located at least 500 feet from any residential district.
(2) 
No heavy equipment displays shall be located within a required setback or perimeter buffer.
(3) 
The use shall not have more than one heavy equipment display pad for every 100 feet of street frontage.
(4) 
No heavy equipment shall be displayed on the top of a building.
(5) 
All lights and lighting shall be designed and arranged so no source of light is directly visible from any residential district or existing residential use.
C. 
Manufacturing, heavy. Heavy manufacturing uses shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
The use shall be located at least 500 feet from any residential district, school, or day-care center.
(2) 
The use shall locate outdoor storage areas to the rear of the principal structure and be screened with a wooden fence or masonry wall no less than eight feet in height in accordance with § 72-56, Fences and walls.
(3) 
The height of materials and equipment stored shall not exceed the height of the screening fence or wall.
(4) 
The use shall be designed to ensure proper functioning of the on-site transportation circulation system.
(5) 
The use shall have direct access onto an arterial or major collector street.
D. 
Outdoor storage as a principal use. Outdoor storage as a principal use shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
Lots used for outdoor storage shall be fully enclosed with a fence or masonry wall no less than eight feet high and landscaped (as appropriate), in accordance with § 72-56, Fences and walls.
(2) 
The height of materials and equipment stored shall not exceed the height of the screening fence or wall.
(3) 
Customers and vehicles shall be allowed to circulate through the area used for outdoor storage.
(4) 
Outdoor storage uses may be permitted by-right in a Planned Development-Mixed Use District that is 50 acres or larger; they shall require a special use permit in any Planned Development-Mixed Use District smaller than 50 acres.
[Added 9-13-2022 by Ord. No. 22-18]
E. 
Recycling center. A recycling center shall comply with the following standards:
(1) 
The center shall be on a parcel with an area of at least five acres.
(2) 
The center shall be located at least 250 feet from any residential district, school, or day care.
(3) 
Except for a freestanding office, no part of the center shall be located within 50 feet of any lot line.
(4) 
All recycling activities and storage areas shall be effectively screened from view by walls, fences, or buildings. Such screening shall be designed and installed to ensure that no part of recycling activities or a storage area can be seen from rights-of-way or adjacent lots. In no case shall the height of recyclable or recovered materials, or non-recyclable residue stored in outdoor areas exceed 20 feet or the height of the principal building on the lot, whichever is greater.
(5) 
All outdoor storage areas shall be surrounded by a solid fence or wall that is at least eight feet high.
(6) 
Recyclable materials shall be contained within a leak-proof bin or trailer, and not stored on the ground.
(7) 
There shall be no collection or storage of hazardous or biodegradable wastes on the site.
(8) 
Space shall be provided to park each commercial vehicle operated by the center.
(9) 
If the center is located within 500 feet of property in a residential zoning district or developed for residential use, it shall not be in operation between the hours of 7:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. The facility shall be administered by on-site persons during the hours the facility is open.
(10) 
The site shall be maintained free of fluids, odors, litter, rubbish, and any other non-recyclable materials. The site shall be cleaned of debris on a daily basis and shall be secured from unauthorized entry and removal of materials when attendants are not present.
(11) 
Signage shall include the name and phone number of the facility operator and indicate any materials not accepted by the center.
(12) 
Access to the center shall be from a collector or arterial street.
(13) 
No dust, fumes, smoke, vibration or odor above ambient level shall be detectable on abutting properties.
F. 
Warehouse (distribution or storage).
(1) 
Warehouses (distribution or storage) shall comply with the following standards:
(a) 
The use shall not locate storage areas within a required yard or perimeter buffer;
(b) 
The use shall locate outdoor storage areas to the rear of the principal structure and screen them with a wooden fence or masonry wall no less than eight feet in height in accordance with § 72-56, Fences and walls.
(c) 
The use shall be designed to ensure proper functioning of the site as related to vehicle stacking, circulation, and turning movements.
(d) 
The use shall have direct access onto an arterial or major collector street.
(e) 
Retail sales are permitted, subject to a special use permit, within a warehouse use in the Light Industrial (I-1) and General Industrial (I-2) Districts, provided 60% or more of the gross floor area is devoted to warehouse use.
(2) 
Warehouse uses in the C-D District shall not include any outdoor storage.
(3) 
Warehouse uses may be permitted by-right in a Planned Development-Mixed Use District that is 50 acres or larger; they shall require a special use permit in any Planned Development-Mixed Use District smaller than 50 acres.
[Added 9-13-2022 by Ord. No. 22-18]
G. 
Wholesale sales.
[Amended 9-13-2022 by Ord. No. 22-18]
(1) 
Any outdoor storage component of a wholesale sales use shall comply with the standards in § 72-41.4, Outdoor storage as a principal use.
(2) 
Wholesale sales uses may be permitted by-right in a Planned Development-Mixed Use District that is 50 acres or larger; they shall require a special use permit in any Planned Development-Mixed Use District smaller than 50 acres.
H. 
Prohibited uses; Light Intensity Industrial and Creative Maker Districts. The following uses are prohibited in the I-1 and CM Districts, notwithstanding any provisions of Article 72-4, §§ 72-41.4 and 72-42:
[Amended 6-8-2021 by Ord. No. 21-16]
(1) 
Abattoirs;
(2) 
Ammonia or chlorine manufacturing facilities;
(3) 
Asphalt mixing plants;
(4) 
Blast furnaces;
(5) 
Boiler works;
(6) 
Bulk storage facilities for flammable materials;
(7) 
Concrete mixing and batching product facilities;
(8) 
Fertilizer, lime or cement manufacturing facilities;
(9) 
Fireworks or explosives manufacturing plants;
(10) 
Garbage incinerators;
(11) 
Junkyards;
(12) 
Rendering plants;
(13) 
Metal foundries and smelting plants;
(14) 
Soap manufacturing plants larger than 10,000 square feet;
(15) 
Petroleum, asphalt or related product refineries;
(16) 
Landfills;
(17) 
Coal, wood or wood distillation plants;
(18) 
Quarries and other facilities for the extraction and mining of rocks and minerals;
(19) 
Stockyards;
(20) 
Acid manufacturing facilities; and
(21) 
Tanneries.
I. 
Prohibited uses; general industrial district. The following uses shall be prohibited in the I-2 District, notwithstanding any provisions of Article 72-4, §§ 72-41.4 and 72-42:
(1) 
Acid manufacturing facilities;
(2) 
Ammonia or chlorine manufacturing facilities;
(3) 
Blast furnaces;
(4) 
Boiler works;
(5) 
Fertilizer, lime or cement manufacturing facilities;
(6) 
Fireworks or explosives manufacturing plants;
(7) 
Junkyards;
(8) 
Landfills;
(9) 
Petroleum, asphalt or related product refineries;
(10) 
Quarries and other facilities for the extraction and mining of mineral resources;
(11) 
Rendering plants; and
(12) 
Soap manufacturing plants.
[Added 10-24-2017 by Ord. No. 17-27]
A. 
Small cell facility, co-location. The co-location of a small cell facility shall be approved administratively unless it is disapproved for one or more of the following reasons:
(1) 
Material potential interference with other preexisting communications facilities, or future communications facilities that have already been designed and planned for a specific location or that have been reserved for future public safety communications facilities;
(2) 
The public safety or other critical public service needs;
(3) 
Only in the case of an installation on or in City-owned property, aesthetic impact, or the absence of all necessary approvals from all necessary departments, authorities, and agencies with jurisdiction of such property;
(4) 
Conflict with the HFD district regulations on an historic property that does not qualify for the review process established under 16 U.S.C. § 470(w)(5).
(5) 
Any permitted telecommunications facility shall be disassembled and removed within 12 months after it ceases operation.
B. 
Telecommunications facility, tower.
(1) 
Permitted locations; permit required.
(a) 
No new telecommunications tower shall be constructed, erected, or relocated within the City except in those zoning districts where permitted, or on City-owned property where specifically authorized by the City Council.
(b) 
A new telecommunications tower that conforms to the maximum height standards of the zoning district in which it is to be placed is permitted as a by-right use if it conforms to the remaining use standards of this subsection. It does not require Comprehensive Plan review. A new telecommunications tower that exceeds the maximum height standards of the zoning district in which it is to be placed is permitted only by special use permit.
(c) 
For purposes of this subsection, the term "altered" shall not include the placement or alteration of antennas.
(2) 
Application for permit.
(a) 
Applications for permits required under this section shall be filed with the Zoning Administrator and shall include documentation that all standards set forth in this section have been met. All applications shall include scale drawings and profiles of the proposed facilities, photographs of similar facilities, and any additional technical information that the Zoning Administrator reasonably determines is necessary.
(b) 
All applications shall be submitted for review and consideration by appropriate federal and/or state agencies as to heights that constitute a hazard to the safe operation of aircraft.
(c) 
Prior to Planning Commission consideration of a special use permit application under this section or prior to the City Council's consideration of a request to use City-owned property for a telecommunications tower, the Zoning Administrator shall forward such application to the Planning Commission for review as being in conformance with the City's Comprehensive Plan, pursuant to Code of Virginia § 15.2-2232.
(d) 
Compliance with the structural steel standards of this section shall be verified by an engineer's certification or approved by the City's Building Official.
(3) 
Inspection; removal of unused towers.
(a) 
All telecommunications towers shall be subject to periodic inspection by the City's Building Official.
(b) 
All telecommunications towers constructed or located within the City but no longer in use shall be disassembled and removed within 12 months after such facility ceases operation.
(4) 
Standards of review. No telecommunications tower or accessory structure shall be constructed, altered, expanded, or relocated within the City unless approved by the City Council as being in compliance with the following standards:
(a) 
A new telecommunications tower shall only be approved upon a showing of reasonable proof by the applicant that:
[1] 
Adequate space is not currently available on existing towers, poles, buildings, public facilities, or other structures within the City for locating the proposed antennas and related telecommunications equipment that meets the engineering and service needs of the applicant;
[2] 
The proposed tower will be designed and constructed to accommodate the collocation of the maximum feasible number of antennas that could be owned or used by other telecommunications service providers; and
[3] 
The proposed tower will not exceed 199 feet in height.
(b) 
All telecommunications towers, accessory structures, and related equipment shall be located on sites in such a manner so as to minimize the view of such facilities from residential areas and the public way. Such facilities shall be screened by vegetation, tree cover, topographic conditions, buildings, and other structures to the maximum extent feasible.
(c) 
All telecommunications towers shall either:
[1] 
Be located on parcels of sufficient size to accommodate a fall line easement or similar restriction of not less than a circle equal in radius to the height of the tower. Such easement or restriction shall be recorded as a condition of the special use permit. No structure, other than the tower itself or related equipment buildings, shall be permitted within the fall line easement or restriction; or
[2] 
Be installed in conformance with ANSI/EIA/TIA-222, Structural Steel Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures, as amended or superseded.
(d) 
All telecommunications towers shall be set back at least two feet for every foot in height of such tower from the lot lines of every existing adjacent residential property, except that such setback may be reduced to one foot for every foot in height of such tower if agreed to by the adjacent property owners.
(e) 
All telecommunications towers and related facilities shall be located, designed, and constructed in a manner that does not detract from or impair historically significant structures, landmarks, or vistas.
(f) 
Telecommunications transmissions from such facilities shall not interfere with existing or proposed City telecommunications facilities.
(g) 
No signals or lights or illumination shall be permitted on any telecommunications tower unless required by the Federal Communications Commission, the City, or any other governmental agency with jurisdiction.
(h) 
No commercial or other advertising shall be allowed on any telecommunications tower.
(i) 
Satellite dish and microwave dish antennas attached to telecommunications towers or accessory structures shall not exceed six feet in diameter.
(j) 
Unless otherwise required by the Federal Communications Commission or other state or federal agency, telecommunications towers shall either be designed with a galvanized finish, be painted a silver or gray color, or utilize a similar finish, or include features that will camouflage or render the tower as unobtrusive as possible.
(k) 
City Council's decision on an application for a telecommunications facility shall comply with applicable requirements of the Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996.
C. 
Utility, major. An electrical power facility, substation, or transmission station shall be set back at least 100 feet from all lot lines.