Whether a location constitutes a base of operations is a facts-and-circumstances
test.
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A taxpayer with a single location is deemed to have a base of
operations at that location. A taxpayer claiming that a location in
Lower Southampton Township is not a base of operations must demonstrate
that another location functions as a base of operations. A taxpayer
claiming multiple business locations has the burden of proving that
each location constitutes a base of operations under the definition
provided above.
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Some types of business have little in the way of traditional
indicia of business activity. Even so, there is a basic presumption
that a business must exist somewhere and cannot exist without any
base of operation.
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Use of a customer's or client's facility by a taxpayer does
not qualify as a base of operations of the taxpayer, if the business
activity by the taxpayer is incidental with respect to the taxpayer's
overall business activity. Business activity of sufficient size, duration
and complexity will constitute a base of operations of the taxpayer.
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Example 1: A consultant with no office in the Township spends
three weeks working at a client's location in the Township. The client
provides the consultant with a place to work and access to other facilities
during the three weeks. The consultant also works at other client
locations and at his own office.
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The consultant does not have a base of operations at his client's
location because the activity in the Township lacks sufficient size,
duration and complexity.
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Example 2: A property management firm headquartered outside
the Township manages a building located in the Township under a three-year
service contract. Several full-time employees of the management firm
provide maintenance and administrative services, on a daily basis
and exclusively at the building in the Township. The building owner
provides office space and a maintenance facility for the use of the
property management firm's employees.
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The property management firm has a base of operations in Lower
Southampton Township because the business activity is of sufficient
size, duration and complexity.
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Commercial and/or rental real estate located in Lower Southampton
Township constitutes a base of operations of the owner, of the lessee,
and of the operator.
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For taxpayers with a sole business base of operations, 100% of intrastate gross receipts will be attributed to that single business location. (Interstate gross receipts are to be apportioned in accordance with § 24-208 of this part.) Receipts cannot be attributed to job sites or customer or subcontractor locations that do not qualify as a base of operations of the taxpayer.
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For taxpayers with multiple bases of operations, gross receipts
resulting from business activity managed, controlled or directed from
a base of operations are attributed to that base of operations. Receipts
will be considered attributable to a base of operations in the Township
if any significant aspect of the transaction occurs or arises out
of that base of operations in the Township. Generally, receipts paid
by customers to a particular base of operations will be attributed
to that base of operations. A taxpayer with more than one base of
operations must maintain accounting records to support attribution
of receipts to the various business locations.
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Example 1: A plumbing contractor has a single business location
in Lower Southampton Township. He provides services to customers in
numerous surrounding municipalities.
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One-hundred percent of his gross receipts are attributed to
his Lower Southampton base of operations because all work is managed,
directed and controlled from his sole business location.
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Example 2: An engineering firm has two offices: one in Lower
Southampton Township and another in the City of Allentown. The firm
separately accounts for revenues and expenses for each location.
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Gross receipts separately identified for the location in Lower
Southampton Township are attributed to Lower Southampton. Gross receipts
attributed to the Allentown base of operations are excluded from the
Lower Southampton tax base, provided no part of the Allentown activity
is managed, directed or controlled from the Lower Southampton office.
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Gross receipts must be determined through attribution if possible.
If determination of gross receipts through attribution is not possible,
gross receipts are determined through allocation. If attribution of
receipts under this section does not accurately or fairly reflect
a taxpayer's activity connected to a base of operations in the Township,
the Finance Director or Tax Collector may determine gross receipts
using the allocation or apportionment formulas.
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Property factor: The numerator of the property factor is the
value of the tangible personal property and real property owned or
leased and situated within Lower Southampton Township and the denominator
of the property factor is the value of tangible personal property
and real property owned or leased and situated at all of taxpayer's
base(s) of operations. For purposes of this calculation, the value
of leased property is eight times the annual rental.
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Payroll factor: The numerator of the payroll factor is payroll
for workers connected with the office located in Lower Southampton
Township and the denominator of the property factor is payroll for
workers connected with all of the taxpayer's base(s) of operations.
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For the purpose of computing the payroll factor other forms
of compensation must be included when relevant. Other forms of compensation
may include: self-employment income of a proprietor or a single member
of a limited liability company, an active partner's share of partnership
income, an active member's share of the income of a limited liability
company, or an active shareholder's ordinary income from an "S" corporation.
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The property factor and payroll factor are averaged to determine
the allocation factor.
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Gross receipts to be allocated to the base of operations in
Lower Southampton Township are determined by multiplying taxpayer's
total gross receipts by the allocation factor.
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Example: A law firm is based in Lower Southampton Township and
has a second office in Doylestown. The accounting system does not
segregate receipts by location. Gross receipts total $1,225,000 for
the year. Total payroll and partners' compensation is $860,000 and
total property owned (and annual rent x 8) is $1,150,000. Payroll
and partners' compensation for workers based in Lower Southampton
is $570,000 and property (and annual rent x 8) in Lower Southampton
is $862,500.
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The allocation of gross receipts to the Lower Southampton office
is as follows:
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Property factor = $862,500/$1,150,000 = 75%
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Payroll factor = $570,000/$860,000 = 66.3%
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Allocation factor = average of 75% and 66.3% = 70.65%
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Total gross receipts
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$1,225,000
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Allocation factor
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x 70.65%
___________
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Lower Southampton receipts
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$865,462.50
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The Finance Director or Tax Collector may authorize the use
of another objective and measurable basis of allocation, such as a
single factor based on payroll, when unusual circumstances exist that
result in an allocation that does not fairly reflect the activity
connected to a base of operations in Lower Southampton Township. In
such circumstances, the taxpayer must request authorization in writing
to use a method of allocation other than as provided for herein and
such authorization is prospective in nature.
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Apportionment of gross receipts will be made under the following
formula:
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Total Gross Receipts
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x
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Apportionment Factor
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=
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Gross Receipts Apportioned to Pennsylvania
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The apportionment factor shall be the product of averaging the
total of the following percentages:
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(i)
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Wages, salaries, commissions and other compensation in Pennsylvania,
as a percentage of total wages, salaries, commissions and other compensation.
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For the purpose of computing the payroll factor, other forms
of compensation must be included when relevant. Other forms of compensation
may include: self-employment income of a proprietor or a single member
of a limited liability company, an active partner's share of partnership
income, an active member's share of the income of a limited liability
company, or an active shareholder's ordinary income from an "S" corporation.
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(ii)
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Value of the tangible personal property and real property owned
or leased and situated within Pennsylvania as a percentage of total
tangible personal and real property owned or leased. For purposes
of this calculation, the value of leased property is eight times the
annual rental.
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(iii)
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Gross receipts from Pennsylvania sales and/or services, as a
percentage of total gross receipts from sales and/or services.
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For taxpayers whose only base of operations is located in Lower
Southampton Township, the tax base constitutes gross receipts apportioned
to Pennsylvania.
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For taxpayers with more than one base of operations in Pennsylvania, gross receipts apportioned to Pennsylvania may be further allocated. Refer to § 24-207 of this part for provisions governing attribution or allocation of receipts between or among multiple Pennsylvania locations.
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