[HISTORY: Adopted by the Village Board of the Village of
Barneveld as Ch. 8, §§ 8.01 through 8.05 and 8.10 of
the 1993 Code. Amendments noted where applicable.]
A.
Establishment. The grade of all streets, alleys and sidewalks shall
be established by resolution by the Village Board and the same recorded
by the Village Clerk in his office. No street, alley or sidewalk shall
be worked until the grade thereof is established.
B.
Alternation of grade prohibited. No person shall alter the grade
of any street, alley, sidewalk, public ground or any part thereof
in the Village by any means whatsoever, unless authorized or instructed
to do so by the Village Board or the Director of Public Works. All
such alterations of grade shall be recorded in the office of the Village
Clerk by the Clerk or the officer authorizing the alteration.
A.
Owner to construct. The abutting owner shall build, repair, construct and perpetually maintain sidewalks along or upon any street, alley or highway in the Village and pay 1/2 the costs thereof. Whenever the Village Board shall by resolution determine that a sidewalk be laid, rebuilt, repaired, lowered or raised along or upon any public street, alley or highway within the Village, it shall proceed according to § 66.0907, Wis. Stats. One half the cost of all curb installations shall be paid for by the abutting property owner and Subsection B shall pertain to curb installation.
B.
Permit required. No person shall hereafter lay, remove, replace or
repair any public sidewalk within the Village, unless he is under
contract with the Village to do such work or has obtained a permit
therefor from the Director of Public Works at least seven days before
work is proposed to be undertaken. No fee shall be charged for such
permits.
C.
Specifications. All sidewalks within the Village hereafter shall
be repaired, rebuilt and constructed in accordance with the following
specifications:
(1)
Subgrade. The subgrade shall be prepared by excavating to the line,
grade and cross section as established by the Village Board. Soft
and unsuitable material shall be removed and replaced with sand or
other satisfactory material and the subgrade shall be thoroughly and
uniformly compacted and moistened immediately before the concrete
is placed. When so specified by the Director of Public Works a subbase
of sand, sand and gravel or other approved porous material shall be
placed under the sidewalk. On embankments the subgrade shall extend
at least one foot beyond each edge of the sidewalk.
(2)
Material. All sidewalks shall be of air entrained concrete composed
of six bags per cubic yard of one course construction and built to
the established line and grade. Gravel shall be of good quality and
washed. Concrete shall be mixed thoroughly for a minimum of one minute
after all materials have been placed in the mixer.
(3)
Forms.
(a)
Concrete shall be placed in straight forms of wood or metal
of sufficient strength to resist springing, tipping or other displacement
during the process of depositing and consolidating the concrete. Wood
forms shall be surfaced plank of at least two inches thickness, except
for sharply curved sections. Metal forms shall be of approved section.
The forms shall be of full depth of the required walk and shall be
of such design as to permit secure fastening. Forms shall be thoroughly
cleaned and oiled before the concrete is placed against them. Concrete
shall be placed in the forms on a moist subgrade, deposited just above
the finished grade and consolidated and spaded sufficiently to bring
the mortar to the surface and to prevent honeycombing. It shall then
be struck off level with the top of the forms and finished with wooden
flats.
(b)
To provide adequate drainage the sidewalk shall slope toward
the curb at a minimum rate of 1/4 inch per foot of width of sidewalk.
All joints and edges shall be finished with a 1/4-inch radius edging
tool.
(4)
Width and thickness. Residential walks shall be four feet in width
and not less than four inches thick, except within driveway approaches
where the minimum thickness shall be six inches, provided that walks
in residential areas may be repaired or replaced to a width not less
than the existing width on the effective date of this section. Sidewalks
in front of commercial or industrial establishments shall be not less
than eight feet in width and five inches in thickness, except within
driveway approaches where the minimum thickness shall be seven inches.
(5)
Finishing. Before the last finish has set, the sidewalk shall be
steel troweled and brushed in transverse direction. Before final finishing,
the surface shall be checked with a 10-foot straight edge and any
areas departing more than 1/8 inch from the testing edge shall be
corrected by adding or removing concrete while the concrete in the
walk is still plastic.
(6)
Jointing. Transverse, full depth, 1/2-inch thick expansion joints
of premolded expansion material shall be located every 40 feet and
at the property line, and where the walk intersects another walk,
curbline, building or driveway approach and at buildings, walls, poles
and stop boxes. The expansion joint material shall be placed in a
neat and workmanlike manner with its upper edge slightly below the
finished sidewalk surface. Dummy groove joints for controlled cracking
at least one inch in thickness and 5/16 inch in depth shall be placed
at intervals of approximately five feet. All joints shall be at right
angles to the direction and grade of the walk. Diagonal joints may
be used only when approved by the Director of Public Works.
[Amended at time of adoption of Code (see Ch. 1, General
Provisions, Art. II)]
(7)
Curing and drying. As soon as any of the concrete work above mentioned
has been finished and hardened sufficiently to present excessive marring
of the surface, it shall be cured and protected against rapid drying.
Failure to comply with this requirement shall be deemed sufficient
cause for suspension of the work. Curing shall be accomplished by
the "impervious coating," "wet fabric" or "paper" methods. For impervious
coating or membrane curing, only those materials meeting requirements
of ASTM Specs. C156-44T, "Method of Test for Efficiency of Materials
for Curing Concrete," shall be used. Such specifications are hereby
adopted by reference as if fully set forth herein. Walks shall be
kept free from all traffic at normal temperatures for 48 hours and
in cold weather (below 50° F.) for 96 hours. No concrete shall
be poured when the temperature may be expected to fall below 35°
F in any 72-hour period or upon frozen subgrade.
A.
Approval required. No person shall construct or maintain any driveway
across any sidewalk or curbing without first obtaining a driveway
permit from the Director of Public Works.
B.
Specifications for driveway construction.
(1)
Width. No driveway shall exceed 24 feet in width at the outer or
street edge of the sidewalk unless special permission is obtained
from the Village Board.
(2)
Interference with intersections prohibited. At street intersections
a drive way shall not provide direct ingress or egress to or from
the street intersection area and shall not occupy areas of the roadway
deemed necessary by the Village Board for effective traffic control
or for highway signs or signals.
(3)
Interference with street. No driveway apron shall extend out into
the street further than the face of the curb and under no circumstances
shall such driveway apron extend into the gutter area. All driveway
entrances and approaches shall be so constructed that they shall not
interfere with the drainage of streets, side ditches, roadside areas
or with any existing structure on the right-of-way. When required
by the Director of Public works to provide for adequate surface water
drainage along the street, the property owner shall provide any necessary
culvert pipe at his own expense.
(4)
Number of approaches limited. No more than one driveway entrance
and approach shall be constructed for any lot or premises, except
where deemed necessary and feasible without undue impairment of safety,
convenience and utility of the street by the Director of Public Works.
Any two approaches shall be at least 10 feet apart.
(5)
Workmanship and materials. All driveway entrances and approaches which are constructed across sidewalks shall be paved in accordance with the requirements for sidewalk construction in § 234-2C of this chapter insofar as such requirements are applicable, including thickness requirements in § 234-2C(4).
(6)
Permittee liable for damage or injury. The permittee shall assume all responsibility for any injury or damage to persons or property resulting directly or indirectly during construction or repair of driveway approaches or entrances. When curb or gutter is removed, the new connection shall be of equivalent acceptable material and curb returns provided or restored in a neat, workmanlike manner. Driveway surfaces shall connect with the street pavement and sidewalk in a neat, workmanlike manner. Any sidewalk areas which are damaged or are inadequate by reason of vehicle travel across the sidewalk shall be replaced in accordance with the requirement of § 234-2C.
A.
Permit required. No person shall make or cause to be made any excavation
or opening in any street, alley, highway, sidewalk or other public
way within the Village without first obtaining a permit therefor from
the Director of Public Works.
B.
Fee. The fee for a street opening permit shall be as determined by
the Village Board from time to time and shall be paid to the Village
Treasurer who shall issue his receipt therefor.
C.
Bond.
(1)
Before a permit for excavating or opening any street or public way
may be issued, the applicant must execute and deposit with the Village
Clerk an indemnity bond, approved by the Village President, in the
sum of $5,000 conditioned that he will indemnify and save harmless
the Village and its officers from all liability for accidents and
damage caused by any of the work covered by his permit; fill up and
place in good and safe condition all excavations and openings made
in the street; replace and restore the pavement over any opening he
may make as near as can be to the state and condition in which he
found it; keep and maintain the same in such condition, normal wear
and tear excepted, to the satisfaction of the Director of Public Works
for a period of one year; pay all forfeitures imposed upon him for
any violation of any rule, regulation or ordinance; and will repair
any damage done to existing improvements during the progress of the
excavation in accordance with the ordinances, rules and regulations
of the Village. Such bond shall also guarantee that if the Village
shall elect to make the street repair, the person opening the street
will pay all costs of making such repair and of maintaining the same
for one year.
(2)
Recovery on such bond for any accident, injury, violation of law,
ordinance, rule or regulation shall not exhaust the bond, but it shall
cover any and all accidents, injuries or violations during the period
of excavation for which it is given.
(3)
An annual bond may be given under this section covering all excavation
work done by the principal for one year beginning January 1, which
shall be conditioned as specified above and in the amount determined
by the Village Board as necessary to adequately protect the public
and the Village.
D.
Insurance. Prior to commencement of excavation work, a permittee
must furnish the Director of Public Works satisfactory written evidence
that he has in force and will maintain during the life of the permit
and the period of excavation public liability insurance of not less
than $100,000 for one person, $300,000 for one accident and property
damage insurance of not less that $50,000.
E.
Regulation governing street and sidewalk openings.
(1)
Frozen ground. No opening in the streets or sidewalks for any purpose
shall be permitted when the ground is frozen, except where necessary
as determined by the Director of Public works.
(2)
Removal of paving. In opening any street or other public way all
paving or ballasting materials shall be removed with the least possible
loss of or injury to surfacing material and together with the excavated
material from trenches shall be placed so as to cause the least practicable
inconvenience to the public and permit free flow of water along gutter.
(3)
Protection of public. Every person shall enclose with sufficient
barriers each opening which he may make in the streets or public ways
of the Village. All machinery and equipment shall be locked or otherwise
effectively safeguarded from unauthorized use when not being used
by the permittee, his agents or employees. Barricades with flashing
lights shall be placed at each end of the opening in the street or
way and other lights sufficient in number and properly spaced to give
adequate warning. Except by special permission from the Director of
Public Works, no trench shall be excavated more than 250 feet in advance
of pipe laying nor left unfilled more than 500 feet where pipe has
been laid. All necessary precautions shall be taken to guard the public
effectually from accidents or damage to persons or property through
the period of the work. Each person making such opening shall be held
liable for all damages, including costs incurred by the Village in
defending any action brought against it for damages as well as cost
of any appeal, that may result from the neglect by such person or
his employees of any necessary precaution against injury or damage
to persons, vehicles or property of any kind.
[Amended at time of adoption of Code (see Ch. 1, General
Provisions, Art. II)]
(4)
Replacing street surface. In opening any street or sidewalk, the
paving materials, sand, gravel and earth or other material moved or
penetrated and all surface monuments or hubs must be removed and replaced
as nearly as possible in their original condition or position and
the same relation to the remainder as before. Any excavated material
which in the opinion of the Director of Public Works is not suitable
for refilling shall be replaced with approved backfill material. All
rubbish shall be immediately removed, leaving the street or sidewalk
in perfect repair, the same to be so maintained for a period of one
year. In refilling the opening the earth must be puddled or laid in
layers not more than six inches in depth and each layer rammed, tamped
or flushed to prevent after-settling. When the sides of the trench
will not stand perpendicular, sheathing and braces must be used to
prevent caving. No timber, bracing, lagging, sheathing or other lumber
shall be left in any trench. The Village may elect to have the Village
make the pavement repair for any street or sidewalk opening, in which
case the cost of making such repair and of maintaining it for one
year shall be charged to the person making the street opening.
F.
Excavating in new streets limited. Whenever the Village Board determines
to provide for the permanent improvement or repaving of any street,
such determination shall be made not less than 30 days before the
work of improvement or repaving shall begin. Immediately after such
determination by the Village Board, the Director of Public Works shall
notify, in writing, each person, utility, Village department or other
agency owning or controlling any sewer, water main, conduit or other
utility in or under the street or any real property abutting the street
that all such excavation work in such street must be completed within
30 days. After such permanent improvement or repaving, no permit shall
be issued to open, cut or excavate the street for a period of five
years after the date of improvement or repaving unless in the opinion
of the Director of Public Works an emergency exists which makes it
absolutely essential that the permit be issued.
G.
Emergency excavations authorized. In the event of an emergency any
person owning or controlling any sewer, water main, conduit or utility
in or under any street and his agents or employees may take immediate
proper emergency measures to remedy dangerous conditions for the protection
of property, life, health or safety without obtaining an excavation
permit, provided that such person shall apply for an excavation permit
not later than the end of the next succeeding business day and shall
not make any permanent repairs without first obtaining an excavation
permit hereunder.
H.
Village work excluded. The provisions of this section shall not apply
to excavation work under the direction of the Director of Public Works
by Village employees or contractors performing work under contract
with the Village necessitating openings or excavations in Village
streets.
A.
Obstructions and encroachments prohibited. No person shall encroach upon or in any way obstruct or encumber any street, alley, sidewalk, public grounds or land dedicated to public use or any part thereof or permit such encroachment or encumbrance to be placed or remain on any public way adjoining the premises of which he is the owner or occupant, except as provided in Subsection B.
B.
Exceptions. The prohibition of Subsection A shall not apply to the following:
(1)
Signs or clocks attached to buildings which project not more than
six feet from the face of such building and which do not extend below
any point 10 feet above the sidewalk, street or alley.
(2)
Awnings which do not extend below any point seven feet above the
sidewalk, street or alley.
(3)
Public utility encroachments authorized by state law or the Village
Board.
(4)
Goods, wares, merchandise or fixtures being loaded or unloaded which
do not extend more than three feet of the sidewalk, provided such
goods, wares, etc., do not remain thereon for a period of more than
two hours.
C.
Street privilege permit.
(1)
When required. Permits for the use of the streets, alleys, sidewalks or other public ways or places of the Village may be granted to applicants by the Director of Public Works for the purpose of encumbering the street, alley, sidewalk or way with materials necessary in and about the construction or demolition of any building or structure, provided such applicant has complied with the other requirements of this subsection and has obtained a building permit if required by § 103-5 of Chapter 103, Building Construction, of this Code.
[Amended at time of adoption of Code (see Ch. 1, General
Provisions, Art. II)]
(2)
Bond. No street privilege permit shall be issued until the applicant
shall execute and file with the Village Clerk a bond in an amount
determined by the Director of Public Works, conditioned that the applicant
will indemnify and save harmless the Village from all liability for
accidents or damage caused by reason of operations under such permit
and will remove such encumbrance upon termination of the operations,
will leave the vacated premises in a clean and sanitary condition
and repair any and all damage to the streets, alleys, sidewalks or
public property of the Village resulting from such building or moving
operations.
(3)
Fee. The fee for a street privilege permit shall be as set from time
to time by resolution of the Village Board.
[Amended at time of adoption of Code (see Ch. 1, General
Provisions, Art. II)]
(4)
Conditions of occupancy. The permission to occupy or obstruct the
streets, alley, sidewalks or public grounds is intended only for use
in connection with the actual erection, alteration, repair or removal
of buildings or structures and shall be given upon the following terms
and conditions and subject to revocation without notice by the Director
of Public Works for violation thereof:
[Amended at time of adoption of Code (see Ch. 1, General
Provisions, Art. II)]
(a)
Such temporary obstruction shall cover not more than 1/3 of
any street or alley.
(b)
Obstructions shall be sufficiently lighted at night so as to
be in full view of the public from all directions.
(c)
Sidewalk traffic shall not be interrupted, but temporary sidewalks
of not less than four feet in width guarded by a closed fence at least
four feet high on both sides may be maintained during the period of
occupancy.[1]
(d)
Upon termination of the work necessitating such obstruction,
all parts of the streets, alleys, sidewalks or public grounds occupied
under the permit shall be vacated, cleaned of all rubbish and obstructions
and placed in a safe condition for public travel at the expense of
the permittee.
(5)
Termination. All street privilege permits shall automatically terminate
at the end of three months from the date of issuance unless an earlier
termination date is specified thereon at the direction of the Director
of Public Works.
D.
Removal by Village. In addition to any other penalty imposed, if
the owner or occupant of the premises adjoining any unlawfully obstructed
sidewalk shall refuse or neglect to remove such obstruction and make
return of the cost and expense thereof to the Village Clerk, who shall
enter such cost on the next annual tax roll as a special charge against
the property abutting such obstructed sidewalk, such sum shall be
levied and collected as other special taxes against real estate.
[Amended 6-2-2008 by Ord.
No. 08-06-01]
A.
Applicability; removal of ice and snow required; waivers.
(1)
This section shall run from November 15 through April 15. The owner,
occupant or person in charge of each and every building, structure
or unoccupied lot in the Village fronting or abutting any sidewalk
shall keep said sidewalk clear of all snow and ice. In the event of
snow accumulating on said sidewalk due to natural means and/or by
any other means, said sidewalk shall be cleared of all accumulated
snow and/or ice within 24 hours from the time the snow ceases to accumulate
on said sidewalk. In the event that ice has formed on any sidewalk
in such a manner that it cannot be removed, the owner, occupant or
person in charge of the parcel or lot which fronts upon or adjoins
said sidewalk shall keep the sidewalk sprinkled with material to accelerate
melting or prevent slipping. The owner or occupant of any property
which abuts a fire hydrant shall refrain from obstructing the hydrant
or access to the hydrant in any way, and shall remove all snow from
the hydrant and at least four feet around the hydrant within 24 hours
of a snowfall and keep the hydrant free of snow at all times unless
a waiver is approved by the Barneveld-Brigham Fire Chief. Waivers
need to be applied for each year by September 1 and will be good from
October 1 through September 30.
[Amended at time of adoption of Code (see Ch. 1, General
Provisions, Art. II)]
(2)
If the owner, occupant or person in charge of any parcel or lot which fronts upon or adjoins any sidewalk shall fail to keep said sidewalk clear of snow and ice as set forth in Subsection A(1), the Street Supervisor or the Police Department shall take the following action:
(a)
If the Street Supervisor or the Police Department determines
that the failure to remove the snow and ice from the sidewalk creates
an immediate danger to the public health and/or safety, he shall cause
the issuance of a written notice to the owner, occupant or person
in charge of any parcel or lot directing that the snow and ice be
removed immediately after the delivery of the notice. Said notice
may be delivered in person, or by posting on the premises adjoining
or fronting upon the sidewalk, or by depositing the notice in the
U.S. mail with proper postage prepaid. If the notice is mailed, delivery
is deemed to have occurred on the next day mail is delivered by the
U.S. Postal Service. Only one notice per year (year shall run from
October 1 through September 30) shall be sent to said property owner
in regards to clearing snow; if repeated failures to remove snow is
detected, citations will be issued without further notice.
(b)
The Street Supervisor or the Police Department shall cause all
sidewalks which have not been cleaned or sprinkled in the manner heretofore
to be cleaned or sprinkled upon default of the person whose duty it
shall be to clean or sprinkle the same, and the cost thereof as set
by resolution, shall be assessed as a special tax against the abutting
property, which shall be collected in the same manner as other Village
taxes.
(3)
Snow and ice not to encroach. No person shall push, shove or in any
way deposit snow or ice onto any public streets, alley, sidewalk or
public lands dedicated to public use. Snow shall remain on the property
of the owner unless permission has been granted from the property
owner that snow is put on. However, snow removed from a sidewalk in
front of or abutting a premises may be deposited on a street. Snow
from public sidewalks shall not be stored in any manner which will
obstruct or limit vehicular or pedestrian vision, movement or access.
No person in clearing snow from driveways, parking lots, filling stations,
garage entrances, used car lots or other large area used for business
purposes shall pile or distribute snow in the streets or alleys of
the Village in such a way so as to narrow the traveled portion of
the street block, limit the vision of the motorists at intersections,
prevent parking at the curb, or cover or interfere with the use of
fire hydrants. The deposit of any snow or ice upon any sidewalk, alley
or street of the Village, contrary to the provisions of this section,
is a nuisance; and in addition to the penalty provided for violation
of this section, the Village may summarily remove and transport from
the site any snow or ice so deposited and cause the cost of said removal
to be charged to the owner of the property from which said snow or
ice had been removed.
(4)
Enforcement. The Street Supervisor or the Police Department is hereby
authorized and directed to enforce the provisions of this section.
(5)
Continued violations. Each twenty-four-hour period where a violation
occurs shall constitute a separate offense under this section for
enforcement purposes. Repeated violation or subsequent additional
accumulations of snow and/or ice shall not nullify any pending notice
issued under this section.
(6)
Abatement after notice. Failure of the owner, occupant or person in charge of any parcel or lot to cause the removal of snow and/or ice within the time established under Subsection A(2) after receiving a written notice shall result in the Street Supervisor or the Police Department causing the removal of said.
(7)
Expense. An account of the expenses incurred by the Village to abate
the snow and/or ice hazard shall be kept and such expenses shall be
charged to and paid by the parcel or lot owner. Notice of the bill
for the removal of snow and/or ice shall be mailed to the known address
of the owner of the parcel or lot and shall be payable within the
10 calendar days from the receipt thereof. Within 60 days after such
costs and expenses are incurred and remain unpaid, the Village Clerk
shall enter those charges onto the tax roll as a special tax as provided
by § 66.0907(5), Wis. Stats.
B.
Snow emergencies. Upon the declaration of a snow or snow removal
emergency by the Chief of Police or the Street Supervisor, regulations
necessary to make effective the provisions of this section are to
be made. This subsection shall supersede all other parking regulations
in force or posted on any street and shall require no posting of these
emergency snow parking regulations.
(1)
When it is necessary to plow streets because the accumulation of
snow thereon is causing a hindrance to traffic as constitutes an emergency
unless promptly removed as declared, the Chief of Police or his designated
subordinate shall, by appropriate public media declare the beginning
of an emergency and the application of emergency snow parking regulations,
which regulations shall remain in force and effect until lifted by
the Chief of Police or his designated subordinate. For the purpose
of this subsection, the threat of or the accumulation of snow or ice
on any streets or area sufficient for the application of emergency
regulations herein shall be any such accumulation of snow or ice which
hinders the movement of traffic thereon or that impedes the ability
of emergency and public transportation vehicles to travel safely and
expeditiously over such streets or areas.
(2)
When necessary for the clearing, removal and plowing of snow or ice
from any street or for other emergency or special conditions as declared,
the Chief of Police or his designated subordinates are hereby authorized
to make and carry out regulations and procedures sufficient to effectively
cope with such emergency or special conditions to include:
(3)
During such emergency, no person shall remove or cause to have removed
snow or ice into or on any public right-of-way without first obtaining
written permission from the Village.
(4)
Whenever a snow emergency exists as declared herein and any motor
vehicle is parked on the street or public parking lot between the
hours of 10:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. and in violation of this section,
it may be removed by or under the direction of the Police or Public
Works Department after one such department has attempted to notify
the owner to remove such vehicle and it has not been removed. If such
motor vehicle is removed by or at the direction of the Village, a
reasonable cost of such removal may be charged against the owner thereof.
The removal of the car by or under the direction of the Village shall
not prevent prosecution under this section.
(5)
Snow emergency waivers may be considered for hardships that include
the elderly, handicapped and households with no driveways. These waivers
will be approved by the Streets Supervisor and Police Chief. Waivers
need to be applied for each year by September 1 and will be good from
October 1 through September 30. If waiver is denied, resident may
appeal to the Village Board.
C.
Mailbox replacement policy.
[Added 4-6-2011 by Ord.
No. 11-04-02]
(1)
Snowplow operators use a great deal of care when plowing Village
roads under sometimes very difficult conditions. However, accidents
can happen and mailboxes may be damaged.
(2)
The property owner is obliged to contact the Village Office within
72 hours of damage to the mailbox. A Village employee will inspect
the alleged damage.
(3)
Should the Village employee determine the damage was due to improper
installation, deteriorated posts and mounting material, or for any
other reason other than being physically hit by the Village equipment,
the Village of Barneveld will not be responsible for damage to the
mailbox or post, and replacement will be at the property owner's
expense.
(4)
Should the Village employee determine that the Village equipment
actually hit and damaged the mailbox, the Village will reimburse the
property owner an amount not to exceed $30.
(a)
Mailboxes tipped, damaged, or knocked down by the weight of
the snow will not be repaired or replaced by the Village. Since trucks
cannot plow directly up to the edge of a mailbox, residents will need
to clear the area around the mailboxes according to the United States
Postal Service specifications in order to help mail delivery.
(b)
Mailboxes that are not installed per U.S. Postal regulations
will not be replaced and will not be eligible for any monetary reimbursement.
