A. 
No person shall erect or maintain any temporary structure or appliance in, upon, over, along, or across any street, nor erect or maintain any permanent structure within the planned right-of-way, except as otherwise provided by law, without filing a written application and obtaining a written permit therefor from the City.
B. 
The City is authorized to grant such permits.
C. 
The written application referred to in this section shall contain a description of the structures or appliance proposed to be erected or maintained, and the purposes for which the same are to be used. The application shall be accompanied by a map or diagram showing the location of the structure or appliance.
D. 
Any permit granted under this section shall specify:
1. 
The nature of the structure or appliance.
2. 
The purpose for which it will be erected or maintained.
3. 
The time during which such structure may be maintained.
4. 
The location thereof.
E. 
If required by the City before the above work is commenced, complete plans and specifications thereof shall be submitted to and approved by the City.
F. 
No permit granted under this section shall be issued until the person applying for it has paid a fee in an amount set by City Council resolution for the issuance of each permit, and has also executed a good and sufficient bond to the City in a sum designated by the City with at least two sureties approved by the City, conditioned that the person will save and keep the City, and all officers thereof, harmless from any and all costs, damages, or expenses that the City or any of its officers may be obliged to pay by reason of, or that may arise out of, the granting of such permit or the erection or maintenance of the structure or appliance for which the permit is granted.
G. 
The City may revoke the permit at any time. Prior to the expiration date of the permit or at the revocation of the same, the structure or appliance shall be wholly removed from the location stated in the permit.
H. 
Notwithstanding the requirements of this section, pursuant to Chapter 11.36, the City Council may authorize installation and maintenance of benches or shelters or similar structures related to transportation services provided to the public; and pursuant to Chapter 5.48, the City Council may authorize installation and maintenance of taxi stands.
(Prior code § 7130.1; 1465 § 19, 1975; 2060 § 4, 1988; 2804 § 2, 2011)
A. 
Required. No person shall string, place, or attach any electric wires or electric lights of any nature whatsoever over, under, or in any manner directly or indirectly attached to or in front of any building or structure, or over any street, without first obtaining a written permit from the City to do.
B. 
Contents. The permit required by subsection A shall state the kind of work to be done there-under and the place where such work is to be done. Said permit shall be valid only for the location so stated. No person shall perform any work other than that designated in the permit.
C. 
Duration. If the work authorized under the permit required by subsection A is not commenced within 30 days after the date thereof, such permit shall thereupon be void.
D. 
None of the provisions of Sections 11.12.010 through 11.12.040 shall apply to work performed under an excavation permit.
(Prior code §§ 7130.2, 7130.4, 7130.6; 2804 § 2, 2011)
The City shall have the power and authority to regulate, inspect, and supervise the stringing, placing, and attaching of wires and electric lights of every nature whatsoever, now or hereafter placed over, under, or in any manner directly or indirectly attached to or in front of any building or structure or over any street.
(Prior code § 7130.3; 2804 § 2, 2011)
No electric lights or wires shall be so constructed, placed and supported over any street so as to cause fire or accident, injury or damage, to life or property.
(Prior code § 7130.5; 2804 § 2, 2011)
A. 
Nothing in Sections 11.12.020 through this section shall be construed as interfering with any rights granted to any person to string electric wires, telephone wires, telegraph wires, or wires of any other kind, which right is exercised under and by virtue of any franchise of the state or of the City, previously obtained.
B. 
Nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed so as to interfere with the exercise of its rights under a franchise by a public utility.
(Prior code § 7130.7; 2804 § 2, 2011)
No person shall deposit, place, discharge, or conduct any water used or intended to be used for irrigating and land into or upon any street without first having obtained a permit so to do from the City.
(Prior code § 7130.8; 2804 § 2, 2011)
No person shall drain water or other liquid or permit water or other liquid to be drained from land or premises under such person's management or control onto any public street by any means that results in damage to the street or causes interference with or hazard to public travel on or maintenance of said public street.
(Prior code § 7130.9; 2804 § 2, 2011)
No person shall wash or flush any private alley, way, or place so that the water from the washing or flushing thereof shall run or be discharged into or upon any public street or into the gutter of any public street.
(Prior code § 7130.10; 2804 § 2, 2011)
No person shall operate upon or permit to be on or operated upon the improved portion of any concrete, asphalt, rock, and oil, or oiled street or public way in the City any vehicle having thereon a tire or tires, on the periphery of which there is or are any block, stud, flange, cleat, ridge, bead, or any other protuberance of metal or wood that projects beyond the tread of the traction surface of the tire. This section shall not prohibit the use of tire chains of reasonable size to prevent skidding when upon wet or slippery surfaces, nor shall the restrictions of this section apply to such a vehicle when its operation on any street or road is necessary in the construction or repair thereof.
(Prior code § 7130.12; 2804 § 2, 2011)
When a sidewalk or curb constructed on any street shall be out of repair or in need of construction, or in a condition to endanger persons or property passing thereon, or in a condition to interfere with the public convenience in the use thereof, the City is authorized to require the owners or occupants of lots or portions of lots fronting on said sidewalk or curb and on the same side of the street where such sidewalk or curb is located to repair or reconstruct the sidewalk or curb, or both. The City shall give written notice thereof to the owners of the adjoining premises, or to their agents or to the occupants of such premises, or by leaving a copy of such notice on such premises.
A. 
Notice contents. The notice shall contain a description of the work required to be done and shall designate the materials to be used and specify the manner in which said work shall be done.
B. 
Time required for repairs. Any owner, agent, or occupant of any such premises, within seven days after notice given as provided in this section, shall commence the work of repair or reconstruction, or both and shall do said work in the manner and with the materials specified in said notice.
C. 
Failure to repair. No owner, agent, or occupant of any such premises where notice is given as provided in this section, shall fail, refuse, or neglect to begin the work required in said notice within the time permitted herein, nor shall any such person after having begun such work, fail, refuse, or neglect to prosecute the work diligently to completion in the manner and with the materials specified in the notice.
(Prior code § 7130.12; 2804 § 2, 2011)
No person shall lay, construct, reconstruct, or repair in any public street or any right-of-way, any curb, sidewalk, gutter, roadway surface, pavement, sanitary sewer, sewage works, water works, storm drain, culvert, stairway, retaining wall or similar structure, building or improvement, or perform any grading or filling, or subject any sewer or storm drain to excessive live or dead loading without obtaining a written permit thereof from the City, providing a certificate of insurance evidencing liability coverage and obtaining approval of plans and specifications and the lines and grades therefor from the City Engineer.
(Prior code § 7130.13(a); 1997 § 1, 1987; 2804 § 2, 2011)
Any person who desires to make any such improvement upon any private property not dedicated to a public use, may, in order to obtain the City Engineer's approval of plans and specifications therefor, City inspection and supervision of the work, and to assure that the improvement when completed will be to the satisfaction of the City Engineer and that his or her acceptance therefor will be available if the improvement be later submitted for dedication to public use, apply for and obtain a permit therefor which shall, after such voluntary application, be treated in all respects as a permit required by law, except that the bond for the faithful performance of the work, provided for in Section 11.12.210 may be waived. All fees, and all deposits, provided for in the following sections of this chapter must be demanded and received as in the case of permits required by law, and the City Engineer may impose such other conditions as may, in his or her discretion, be required to assure that the work may be inspected and supervised without cost or expense to the City, that the work will not cause loss or damage to the City or to the public, and that the improvements when completed, will be acceptable for public use if and when they shall be dedicated to or devoted to such use.
(Prior code § 7130.13(b); 2804 § 2, 2011)
The inspection, supervision, and other services rendered or undertaken by the City shall be consideration for any condition imposed upon the applicant and shall be withheld if he or she refuses any such condition. Whenever any applicant hereunder posts with the City Engineer a bond conditioned in all respects as provided in Section 11.12.210, and adequate in amount to comply therewith, such bond shall for all purposes be deemed a bond posted pursuant to that Section.
(Prior code § 7130.13(c); 2804 § 2, 2011)
Nothing in Sections 11.12.120 through 11.12.140 shall be deemed to bind the City to accept such improvements for public use, however, if for any reason said improvements are not in a condition satisfactory to the City Engineer at the time they are offered for acceptance for public use.
(Prior code § 7130.13(d); 2804 § 2, 2011)
All permits for work mentioned in Sections 11.12.120 through 11.12.150 shall be granted under one of the following classes:
A. 
Class "A" shall include only the repair, construction, or reconstruction of curbs, sidewalks, driveways, or gutters and work appurtenant to the foregoing, where, in the opinion of the City Engineer, the work contemplated is so limited in extent and of such simplicity of design that the deposit of those fees provided hereinafter for Class "A" permits will with reasonable certainty compensate and reimburse the City for the costs of the inspection and supervision entailed.
B. 
Class "B" shall include all permits for work not included in Class "A."
(Prior code § 7130.14; 2804 § 2, 2011)
All work mentioned in Sections 11.12.120 through 11.12.150 shall be performed in accordance with the specifications, or the specifications and plans if plans are made, referred to in said permit, and shall be performed to the satisfaction of the City and under the supervision of an inspector appointed by the City for such work.
(Prior code § 7130.15; 2804 § 2, 2011)
Any person desiring a permit to perform any work mentioned in Sections 11.12.120 through 11.12.150 shall file a written application therefor with the City, which shall specify:
A. 
The location, nature, and amount of work to be performed.
B. 
The material to be used.
C. 
Such other information as the City may require.
(Prior code § 7130.16; 2804 § 2, 2011)
A. 
If the application is for a Class "B" permit, the applicant must, before the permit is issued, deposit with the City an amount estimated by the City Engineer to be sufficient to reimburse the City for its costs of design, surveying, inspection, supervision, testing of materials, and appurtenant work and incidental costs, plus 15% of said costs.
B. 
Final charges for a Class "B" permit shall be the actual cost to the City for its expenses incurred in connection therewith, plus 15% of said cost. The permittee shall be entitled to a refund of any excess between the amount deposited and the final charges. In the event the final charges exceed the deposit, the permittee shall be required to pay the deficit to the City, and such payment shall be made before acceptance of the work.
C. 
Upon completion of the work and acceptance thereof by the City, an itemized statement of the final charges shall be rendered at the request of the permittee.
(Prior code § 7130.18; 2804 § 2, 2011)
A. 
Plans—when required. Upon the issuance of a Class "B" permit, special plans shall be prepared therefor and thereafter approved by the City Engineer, if in the opinion of the City Engineer such plans are necessary.
B. 
Bond required. No Class "B" permit for the doing of any work for which such permit is required shall be issued unless the applicant shall first file with the City Engineer a good and sufficient bond, approved by the City Manager or his or her duly authorized representative. The bond shall be in an amount equal to the cost of the proposed work as estimated by the City Engineer and shall be conditioned upon the faithful performance and completion of the work for which the permit is issued, in accordance with the permit and the plans and specifications prepared therefor, and referred to in the permit, and also upon the payment of all necessary costs and expenses that may be incurred or expended by the City in causing such required work to be done, and the payment of all engineering and inspection costs and fees incurred by the City. The bond shall be either a cash bond or a bond executed by a company authorized to act as surety in this state.
C. 
Cash bond—reimbursement to be made therefrom. Whenever the applicant elects to post a cash bond, the City Manager or his or her designee is empowered, in the event of any default on the part of the permittee in the performance of any work or improvement for which the permit was granted or in the payment of any charges due to the City arising out of the issuance of such permit, to deduct therefrom on behalf of the City an amount sufficient to reimburse and to indemnify the City for any and all damages sustained by the City by reason of faulty or defective work, or by reason of carelessness or negligence of the permittee, or by reason of any failure on the part of the permittee faithfully and properly to perform and complete the work in accordance with the plans and specifications. In the event of any such default on the part of the permittee, the City Manager or his or her designee may, at his or her option cause all the required work to be done and may expend therefor the whole amount of such cash bond or any part thereof.
D. 
Surety bond—collection and enforcement. Whenever a surety bond has been filed in compliance with this section, the City Manager or his or her designee is empowered, in the event of any default on the part of the principal, to enforce collection, under such bond, of all sums due and unpaid to the City as charges arising out of the issuance of the permit, and for any and all damages sustained by the City by reason of faulty or defective work, or by reason of the carelessness and negligence of the permittee in the performance of the work, or by reason of any failure on the part of the permittee faithfully and properly to perform, in accordance with the permit and the plans and specifications, the work or improvement for which the permit was issued. In the event of any such default on the part of the permittee, the City Manager or his or her designee may, at his or her option, cause all the required work to be done and the surety upon the bond shall be firmly bound for the payment of all necessary costs thereof.
E. 
Termination of bond. The term of each bond filed or posted pursuant to this section shall begin upon the date of the filing or posting thereof and shall end upon the date of completion, to the satisfaction of the City Engineer, of all the improvements covered by the permit. The fact of such completion shall be evidenced by a statement thereof signed by the City Engineer, a copy of which shall be furnished to any surety upon request. In any case where a cash bond has been posted there shall be returned, on demand, to the permittee or to his or her successors or assigns, upon or after the date of the issuance of said certificate, the amount of such cash bond less the amount, if any, expended by the City to complete the work or otherwise taken or deducted by the City to reimburse or to indemnify the City for any loss or damage incurred prior to the date of such acceptance as a result of any default covered by the cash bond.
F. 
Duplication of security not required. If the application was filed with the City Engineer and in full force and effect a surety bond or a deposit posted pursuant to the provisions of the subdivision title, completion of the work for which the permit is requested, and adequate in amount to meet the requirements of this section, no other bond shall be required to be posted by him or her in order to comply with this section.
(Prior code § 7130.19; 2804 § 2, 2011)
A. 
All Class "A" and "B" permits issued under the provisions of Sections 11.12.150 through 11.12.260, shall expire and be cancelled six months after the issue date, unless sooner requested by the permittee and unless actual construction of the work authorized by the permit has been commenced prior to the expiration of the six month period; all Class "A" and "B" permits shall expire and be cancelled 60 days after the date on which actual construction of the work was commenced, unless a longer construction period is specified in the permit, in which case such permit shall expire at the end of the longer construction period specified therein. The City may extend the time for the starting or the completion of the work, upon good and sufficient cause being shown therefor by the permittee, and such extension shall not be deemed to release any surety or bond posted pursuant to Section 11.12.210.
B. 
In the event any permittee shall not construct a portion of the work authorized by a Class "A" permit, such permit, upon the application of the permittee, may be cancelled as to the omitted work only.
(Prior code § 7130.22; 2804 § 2, 2011)
No person to whom a permit has been granted under the provisions of Sections 11.12.120 through 11.12.260 shall perform any of the work mentioned in Sections 11.12.120 through 11.12.150 in an amount or quantity greater than that specified in the permit, except that upon approval by the City Engineer, additional work may be done under the provisions of this permit in an amount not greater than 10% of the amount specified in the permit. Any bond posted in connection with the original permit shall be deemed to cover any such additional work as may be approved pursuant to this section, within the limit mentioned herein.
(Prior code § 7130.24; 2804 § 2, 2011)
No person performing any work under the provisions of Sections 11.12.120 through 11.12.260, shall fail, neglect or refuse to remove all material and debris within three days after the completion of the work. Where new work is covered with earth, the terms of the specifications of this City governing such work shall control.
(Prior code § 7130.25; 2804 § 2, 2011)
A. 
Sections 11.12.120 through 11.12.260 shall not be construed to apply to the performance of any of the classes of work therein mentioned under contracts made by property owners and duly authorized by ordinance, or under contracts made by the City in accordance with the provisions of the general laws of the state, providing for the improvement of streets in municipalities.
B. 
Sections 11.12.120 through 11.12.260 shall not be construed to apply to the construction, reconstruction, or repair of any curb or sidewalk by any department of the City or other governmental agency that elects to perform such work using its own departmental forces where in the opinion of the City Engineer surveys, plans, or inspections are not required. This exception shall not apply to the performance of any such work by any contractor engaged to perform the same by any such department or governmental agency.
(Prior code § 7130.26; 2804 § 2, 2011)
A. 
Any person who desires to have the City perform any special service or any grading, construct any pavement or other surfacing, or curb, sidewalk, gutter, or any other public works in any street, alley, or other public way either by the letting of a contract therefor or by using labor employed by the City and materials purchased by the City, and who desires to pay the City the cost or any portion of the cost of such work, may apply to the City therefor. The City is empowered, at its discretion to arrange for the performance of said work and to accept deposits of such amounts as shall be determined by the City Manager or his or her designee to be necessary to pay the costs of the said work or portion thereof, and the amount of incidental expenses incurred by the City, or portion thereof, in connection with the performance of said work. Said amounts shall be deposited with the City Treasurer to the credit of appropriate funds under the jurisdiction of the City for which a proper receipt shall be rendered to the depositor.
B. 
Upon the completion of the work, any unused portion of the money deposited shall be refunded to the depositor.
(Prior code § 7130.27; 2804 § 2, 2011)
No persons shall transport a vehicle and/or load with a width in excess of 96 inches and/or a height of 14 feet and/or a length in excess of 40 feet and/or a weight in excess of 18,000 pounds per axle or 9,500 pounds per wheel over any City street without first obtaining an oversize permit from the City.
(1465 § 17, 1975; 2290 § 1 (13), 1994; 2804 § 2, 2011)
Upon application for an oversize permit, the applicant shall pay a fee in the amount set by City Council resolution.
(1465 § 18, 1975; 2290 § 1 (14), 1994; 2804 § 2, 2011)
In instances where sections of the Municipal Code would otherwise prohibit certain structures in the public right-of-way, and upon written request of the property owner, the City Manager or his or her designee may waive, modify, or delay the enforcement of any such section when it is determined by the City Manager or his or her designee that application of such section will be detrimental in keeping with the existing character of the neighborhood.
(2804 § 2, 2011)
A. 
Purpose. The purpose of this section is to establish specific additional requirements for the issuance of encroachment permits to dining establishments located on Historic Main Street to establish and maintain outdoor dining areas in the public right-of-way. The provisions of this section are in addition to, and not in lieu of, the provisions of Section 11.04.170 and the other provisions of this chapter, including, but not limited to, Section 11.12.010. In addition to satisfying the requirements herein, the applicant shall secure approval of a Main Street outdoor dining permit pursuant to Title 9 of the Garden Grove Municipal Code prior to operating or maintaining an outdoor dining area in the public right-of-way.
B. 
Encroachment Permit Required. No person shall establish or maintain any outdoor dining area, including any chairs, tables, barriers, or other objects, in the public right-of-way on Historic Main Street without an encroachment permit approved by the City specifically authorizing such person to do so. In addition to the following requirements, the provisions of Section 11.12.010 shall apply to any such encroachment permit.
C. 
Application. An application for an encroachment permit for the establishment and maintenance of an outdoor dining area in the public right-of-way on Historic Main Street shall be submitted to the City's Public Works Department on the form provided by the City and shall be accompanied by all information, documents, and plans requested by the City in order to evaluate the application. The applicant must be the owner of the adjacent dining establishment with which the proposed outdoor dining area is associated. The application shall be submitted at the same time as the application for approval of a Main Street outdoor dining permit pursuant to Title 9 is submitted, and shall be accompanied by all applicable fees. If work or construction in the right-of-way is required, the owner or operator's contractor shall obtain a separate encroachment permit pursuant to this chapter governing such work or construction.
D. 
Findings. The Director of Public Works, or designee, may issue an encroachment permit pursuant to this section based upon the following findings:
1. 
The applicant is the owner of an adjacent eating establishment located on Main Street, between Acacia Parkway and Garden Grove Boulevard;
2. 
All conditions set forth in this section are or will be satisfied; and
3. 
The City has approved a Main Street outdoor dining permit for the proposed outdoor dining area in the public right-of-way pursuant to Title 9.
E. 
Duration of Permit; Annual Renewal Required. Each encroachment permit issued pursuant to this section shall expire 12 months following issuance of the permit and must be renewed on an annual basis. The applicant shall file an application for renewal of the encroachment permit with the Public Works Department at least 90 days prior to the permit's expiration date. The renewal application shall be submitted to the City's Public Works Department on the form provided by the City and shall be accompanied by all information, documents, and plans requested by the City in order to evaluate the application, along with the annual encroachment permit fee and other applicable fees and evidence of the insurance required by this section. Failure to pay applicable fees and/or provide evidence of insurance coverage or other required documents prior to the permit filing deadline shall cause the encroachment permit to expire and the right to operate and maintain an outdoor dining area in the public right-of-way to terminate. In such event, a new application for an encroachment permit must be filed and approved in order for the eating establishment owner to operate and maintain an outdoor dining area in the public right-of-way.
F. 
Conditions. In addition to any other conditions imposed by the City in order to promote the public health, safety and welfare and to allow for adequate pedestrian circulation, every encroachment permit issued pursuant to this section shall be subject to the following conditions:
1. 
The area covered by the encroachment permit, the number and location of any tables and chairs permitted, and the location of any authorized barriers shall be specifically limited to that shown on the exhibit attached to, or made part of, the encroachment permit.
2. 
A four-foot foot minimum unobstructed pedestrian path of travel along the public sidewalk shall be maintained at all times.
3. 
On corner lots or properties adjacent to driveways, no portion of an outdoor dining area shall be located within the triangular area formed by measuring 25 feet along the curb lines to prevent obscuring corner vision clearance from any driveway or street.
4. 
The outdoor dining area shall be located and arranged in a manner which will not interfere with visibility, vehicular or pedestrian mobility, or access to City or other public facilities. This determination shall be made at the time of application by the City Engineer, in his or her sole discretion, based on the characteristics of the site.
5. 
The permittee shall comply with the terms and conditions of the encroachment permit, shall maintain the portion of the right-of-way covered by the permit in a clean and safe condition for pedestrian travel, and shall immediately clear the right-of-way when ordered to do so by the City Engineer or other appropriate City officer.
6. 
Bond. Prior to the issuance of the encroachment permit, the applicant shall post a bond with the City to cover the cost of restoring the right-of-way to its original condition, where the applicant proposes modifications to the public surfaces, such as borings for recessed sleeves or post holes. The bond amount shall be determined by the City Engineer. On termination of the encroachment permit, the bond shall be released upon restoration of the right-of-way to the satisfaction of the City Engineer.
7. 
Insurance. The applicant shall, prior to the issuance or renewal of the encroachment permit, procure, and shall thereafter maintain in full force and effect while the permit is in effect: (a) commercial general liability insurance in a form and amount specified by the City's Risk Manager sufficient to cover potential claims for bodily injury, death, or disability and for property damage which may arise from or be related to the use of the public right-of-way for an outdoor dining area, naming the City, its officers, agents, and employees as additional insureds under the terms of the policy; and (b) workers compensation insurance, in the amount required by California law, which includes a waiver of subrogation. The specific requirements for such insurance will be provided to the applicant by the City with the application materials. All required endorsements and certificates evidencing such insurance must be provided to the City prior to issuance or renewal of an encroachment permit and immediately upon any policy renewal of or change in insurance coverage.
8. 
Indemnity. The applicant shall execute and deliver to the City an agreement, in writing and acknowledged by the applicant, in a form acceptable to the City, forever to indemnify, defend, and hold and save the City free and harmless from any and all claims, actions or damages of every kind and description which may accrue to, or be suffered by, any persons by reason of or related to the operation and maintenance of the outdoor dining area in the public right-of-way.
9. 
Permission to encroach upon a portion of the public right-of-way with an outdoor dining area through issuance of an encroachment permit under this section shall not constitute a deed or grant of an easement by the City. The permit may be revoked at any time pursuant Section 11.12.010.
10. 
The City shall have the right to temporarily suspend or prohibit the operation of an outdoor dining area in the public right-of-way at any time if necessary to safeguard the public health, safety and welfare or to avoid interference with special events, street or sidewalk improvements or cleaning, or similar activities. To the extent possible, the City will give prior written notice of any time period during which the operation of the outdoor dining area in the public right-of-way must be suspended.
11. 
Each encroachment permit issued shall be personal to the permittee and is not transferrable, delegable or assignable. Any attempted transfer, delegation or assignment of the permit shall be void. In the event the owner or owners of the business with which the encroachment permit is associated changes, the existing encroachment permit shall automatically terminate and become null and void and the new owner(s) shall obtain a new encroachment permit pursuant to this section.
12. 
It shall be a condition of each encroachment permit issued pursuant to this section that the applicant also obtain and maintain a Main Street outdoor dining permit pursuant to Title 9 and comply with all conditions of approval of said permit. Approval of an encroachment permit pursuant to this section shall not constitute approval of a Main Street outdoor dining permit pursuant to Title 9.
13. 
Upon termination of the encroachment permit, the permittee shall remove, at its own expense, all personal property, furnishings, and equipment from the right-of-way. All barriers shall be removed and the sidewalk returned to its original condition.
14. 
The City may impose such other conditions on the encroachment permit as deemed necessary to promote the public health, safety and welfare and to allow for adequate pedestrian circulation.
(2894 § 5, 2018)