A. 
Small Lot Developments. Small lot developments are single-family residential projects on “small lots.” Small lot single-family development encourages diversity in the size of dwelling units by promoting and preserving smaller homes on smaller lots (see Figure 19.53.170-1). Small lot developments may include a mix of attached and detached units provided the number of attached units does not exceed one-third of the total units within a project.
Figure 19.53.170-1
Single-family homes on small lots. Top: Poulsbo Place; Middle and Bottom: Seabrook
B. 
Three design elements for small lot development are listed below. Each element includes specific approval standard(s) and corresponding design guidelines to ensure that small lot projects meet the City’s design expectations.
The standards and guidelines emphasize pedestrian-oriented streetscapes that are not dominated by garages, which includes improving the pedestrian qualities of neighborhood streets by addressing issues related to street-level uses: blank walls near sidewalks, sidewalks and street landscaping.
1. 
Design Element 1: Site Planning and Design.
2. 
Design Element 2: Building Design.
3. 
Design Element 3: Lighting.
(Ord. 559 § 6 (Exh. A § 3))
SL1. 
Building Siting and Orientation.
Design Objective: To define the focus of activity that occurs at the front door or along the street and establishes a sense of community for a neighborhood by providing opportunities for people to gather. Building siting and orientation should encourage streetscapes that facilitate interaction among residents.
SL1.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL1.1.1. 
Site design elements shall display a clear and unified organization of building, landscaping and circulation elements that support the functions of the site. Site plans shall effectively demonstrate how the elements of the site relate to the street front and provide for compatibility with adjacent uses.
SL1.1.2. 
Placement of buildings shall consider the existing context of the surrounding area. Small lot developments shall respect privacy and solar access through appropriate siting of structures. Building setbacks around the perimeter of the site shall be consistent with the development standards of the underlying zoning district. Variation is permitted where the perimeter of the site abuts dedicated open space, stormwater facilities or railroad rights-of-way.
SL1.1.3. 
A pair of attached units shall be separated from another pair of attached units on the same block face by one or more detached units. Attached units on a street corner may be placed next to attached units on an adjacent street corner on the same block face if separated by an alley.
SL1.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL1.2.1. 
♠ Project elements (lots, buildings, access drives, parking, walkways, and service areas) should be located to protect, enhance, or minimize impacts to natural site features. For example, buildings should be designed to fit the natural slope, rather than forcing the slope to fit the building design. Terraced parking lots and multi-tiered buildings are other examples of effective design solutions that minimize impacts to a site’s natural features.
SL1.2.2. 
New developments should be integrated with the existing neighborhoods adjacent to them. Designs should avoid the separation caused by high, solid fencing and walls, or blank walls of buildings (see Figures 19.53.180-1 and 19.53.180-2). Traffic calming measures such as traffic circles, curb extensions and bulb-outs should be used where streets connect to existing neighborhoods.
Figure 19.53.180-1
Poor transition: Newer multifamily homes surround an existing single-family dwelling, causing architectural disparity as well as loss of privacy for the single-family home
Figure 19.53.180-2
Undesirable Design: Houses separated from the street by high solid walls
SL1.2.3. 
Buildings should be oriented to the street to create an inviting streetscape. Interesting streetscapes promote pedestrian activity in and around the site. Buildings at or near the street can help create interaction between adjacent uses.
SL1.2.4. 
Small lot residential projects should provide one living/family/community living room at the front of the home facing onto the street (see Figure 19.53.180-3);
Figure 19.53.180-3
Single-family homes in Seabrook oriented to the street and sidewalk
SL1.2.5. 
Residential development adjacent to designated open space areas should maintain visual access to the open space from residential units, common buildings, and/or streets (buildings should not back up to open space areas creating areas hidden from public view). Projects should also provide for future connections to currently undeveloped properties via public or private streets, internal drives and biking and walking trails (see Figure 19.53.180-4).
Figure 19.53.180-4
Single-family homes in Seabrook oriented to internal pedestrian trail
SL1.2.6. 
Buildings may be oriented to open space areas, provided that street frontages are developed consistent with guideline SL1.2.3 (see Figure 19.53.180-5).
Figure 19.53.180-5
Single-family homes in Seabrook oriented to linear park stormwater feature
SL1.2.7. 
Perimeter residences that are part of new developments should be oriented to existing streets, minimizing the extent of sound walls or rear yard walls, except where necessary due to acoustical requirements (see Figures 19.53.180-6 and 19.53.180-7).
Figure 19.53.180-6
Undesirable: Sound walls and entry features designed to separate developments or neighborhoods
Figure 19.53.180-7
Desirable: Walls should have a rhythm rather than a single monotonous design along the entire length. Landscaping and periodic entries or gateways soften appearances of walls, minimize driving and walking distances and integrate bike paths along the major roads.
SL1.2.8. 
Increase privacy on adjoining properties by employing the following techniques:
a. 
Locating/reorienting direction of windows or decks to minimize views directly into adjoining structures and outdoor gathering places (see Figure 19.53.180-8).
Figure 19.53.180-8
Techniques to reduce privacy impacts and increase solar access
b. 
Use structural features (e.g., raised planter boxes on parapet walls, nontransparent glazing) to restrict view angles to long rather than short distance view (see Figure 19.53.180-9).
Figure 19.53.180-9
Control view into adjacent properties through use of structural features
c. 
Use smaller upper floor windows or use selective glazing at privacy sensitive locations.
d. 
Use landscaping to reduce potential privacy impacts.
SL1.2.9. 
Pursuant to the zoning code, minimum-required building separations should not be reduced. If possible, increase setbacks for living areas that require more privacy. Where necessary to achieve greater privacy, re-orient the directions of windows or decks or adjust window size or sill height (e.g., use transom windows, skylights or other alternative glazing).
SL2. 
Grading and Stormwater Management.
Design Objective: To minimize modifications to topography, preserve existing vegetation whenever possible, minimize the creation of impervious surfaces, and maximize stormwater infiltration within the development site and minimize the amount of stormwater that is transferred off-site through the use of LID techniques.
SL2.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL2.1.1. 
♠ Structures, roadways and other site improvements (drainageways and storage areas) shall be designed to blend with the natural topography to the extent practicable, with a minimum of site disturbance and grade changes.
SL2.1.2. 
♠ LID techniques shall be used to the extent practicable, as determined by a development site’s soil characteristics, to maximize stormwater infiltration within the site and minimize the amount of stormwater that is transferred off site.
SL2.1.3. 
Stormwater facilities that are required to supplement LID facilities may include either stormwater ponds or underground vaults. Stormwater ponds shall be designed as a landscape amenity and planted with grass or native plants (see Figure 19.53.180-10). Stormwater ponds shall not be fenced, and shall not exceed a four horizontal to one vertical slope. Stormwater ponds may be used to meet open space requirements if designed utilizing the KCSWDM (see Figure 19.53.180-11). Stormwater ponds shall be designed in accordance with the King County Integrated Pond Manual. Maintenance of stormwater pond landscaping and open space amenities, beyond basic annual weed removal performed by the City, shall be the responsibility of a home-owner association (HOA) or other private entity.
Figure 19.53.180-10
Storm pond amenity located at the Commons
Figure 19.53.180-11
Usable detention pond in public open space
SL2.1.4. 
To encourage front yard landscaping and minimize the visual impact of driveways and other hardscape, a maximum of 50 percent of the front yard between the facade of the home and front property line shall be paved or covered with impervious surface.
SL2.1.5. 
Filling and grading shall be done in accordance with Chapter 13.25 UPMC and the King County Surface Water Design Manual (KCSWDM) to control stormwater runoff impacts to adjacent properties.
SL2.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL2.2.1. 
♠ Small lot developments should integrate existing natural features, required open space, and existing historic structures or cultural resources located on site into the overall design and layout of the development. Existing natural features, as well as the required common open space, should be used to create community amenities and provide physical separations and buffers from adjacent development, where needed. The site plan should reflect natural hydrology and minimize impervious surfaces.
a. 
♠ Preserve or design into the infrastructure naturally vegetated areas that are in close proximity to parking areas, buildings, and other impervious expanses in order to slow runoff, filter out pollutants, and facilitate infiltration.
b. 
♠ Direct runoff into or across vegetated areas to help filter runoff and encourage groundwater recharge.
c. 
♠ Use native plants (or adaptable species) to establish an adaptable and low maintenance landscape that requires less irrigation and is appropriate for the climatic conditions.
d. 
♠ Use devices such as bioretention cells, vegetated swales, infiltration trenches, and dry wells to increase storage volume and facilitate infiltration.
e. 
♠ Plant bioswales with native grass to further improve water quality. Bioswales are encouraged throughout the development to treat runoff, improve water quality, and minimize or eliminate the size of detention ponds (see Figure 19.53.180-12).
Figure 19.53.180-12
Vegetated bioswale
f. 
♠ Disconnect impervious areas from the storm drain network and maintain natural drainage divides to keep flow paths dispersed. Maximize infiltration using: biofilters, green strips, swales and permeable materials in lieu of hardscapes.
SL2.2.2. 
♠ Surface water and pollutant run-off should be reduced by maximizing the use of pervious surfaces and vegetative groundcover.
a. 
♠ Use of permeable paving, pavers, turf stone, brick, and decomposed granite is encouraged.
b. 
♠ Use of natural topographic features or built swales for filtration of site drainage is encouraged.
c. 
♠ Porous concrete, porous paving stones, reinforced turf, crushed gravel with soil stabilizers, and paving blocks with planted joints are examples of acceptable materials that can be used for driveways, pathways, sidewalks, and patios.
SL2.2.3. 
♠ Development impacts should be reduced by minimizing a site’s impervious surface footprint. This can be achieved by encouraging new development where houses have smaller footprints and are clustered closer together, share driveways with neighboring homes and much of the native vegetation has been preserved.
SL2.2.4. 
♠ Existing trees and vegetation should be preserved whenever possible to act as buffers between adjoining developments and as community amenities within the development per Chapter 19.65 UPMC. Buildings, parking areas, and other structures should be set back from such features a sufficient distance to ensure their continued quality and natural functions (see Figure 19.53.180-12).
SL2.2.5. 
The “effective” impervious surface for the entire site should be minimized to the extent practicable while achieving urban densities consistent with the goals of accommodating small lot development and expanding housing choice in the community.
SL3. 
Lot Standards.
Design Objective: To strengthen the mutual relationship between housing units, roads, open space and pedestrian amenities for creating small lot developments that protect the privacy of individuals while creating pedestrian-oriented environments.
SL3.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL3.1.1. 
Building placement shall be configured to support the neighborhood’s existing site patterns, including building location, setbacks and yard areas, where existing patterns are clearly established and consistent.
SL3.1.2. 
Standards for Lot Size and Width.
a. 
Lot Size. There is no minimum lot size. Lot size shall be determined through the design standard review process.
b. 
Lot Width. Minimum 40-foot-wide lots for homes with front-loaded and side-loaded garages. No minimum width for lots with alley-loaded and other garage designs.
SL3.1.3. 
Setbacks shall ensure separation of homes and private spaces while allowing moderate density. Small-lot homes shall complement existing setback patterns in terms of distance to the street and spacing between homes while considering the smaller lot sizes and need for more private usable open space.
SL3.1.4. 
If used, reciprocal side and/or rear yard use easements shall be delineated on the site plan.
SL3.1.5. 
If a side yard use easement is used, the wall facing the side yard shall be constructed as a “privacy wall.” Privacy walls shall not have doors entering into the yard space of the adjacent home, nor have windows that are within five feet of ground level.
SL3.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL3.2.1. 
Building Setbacks.
a. 
Front on Neighborhood Street: 10 feet to primary building, six feet to porch, eight feet to stoop. There shall be at least a 20-foot setback from the face of a garage to the back of the sidewalk. A variety of setbacks is strongly encouraged, with single-story facades having smaller setbacks and two-story facades having greater setbacks (see Figure 19.53.180-13).
Figure 19.53.180-13
Variations in front and side yard setbacks break up long linear patterns
b. 
Front on Access Lane: five feet to building, zero feet to porch or stoop. Stairs and roof overhangs associated with a porch or stoop shall not encroach into the public right-of-way. There shall be at least a 20-foot setback from the face of the garage to the back of a curb, except where a sidewalk/pathway is constructed, the setback shall be at least 20 feet from the sidewalk/pathway.
c. 
Interior Side: five feet for detached units; eight feet for attached units. Architectural projections such as fireplace structures, bay windows or garden windows may project into a five-foot required side yard only if the building is protected with an automatic fire sprinkler system.
d. 
Side on a Corner Lot: 10 feet to building with at least a 20-foot setback from the face of a garage to the back of the sidewalk.
e. 
Rear: four feet to adjacent common open space, otherwise 10 feet.
f. 
Alleyway: two feet from alleyway tract or easement (see Figure 19.53.180-14).
Figure 19.53.180-14
Alleyway lot
g. 
Front on a Pedestrian Easement or Common Open Space: four feet to building or one foot to porch or stoop.
h. 
Side on a Pedestrian Easement or Common Open Space: four feet.
i. 
Decks: Decks are considered part of the building and shall not intrude into required setbacks.
j. 
Perimeter: Same as the development standards of the underlying zoning district. A reduction may be permitted where the perimeter of the site abuts dedicated open space, stormwater facilities or railroad rights-of-way.
k. 
Homes that front on a common open space shall have all portions of the first floor within 150 feet of emergency vehicle access.
SL3.2.2. 
To facilitate development of small-lot single-family homes, rear alleys are the preferred alternative for accessing garages, off-street parking, utilities and trash facilities. Alleys shall be provided to serve all lots except where topography, site dimensions or other constraints preclude their use.
SL3.2.3. 
Use Easements.
a. 
Reciprocal side and/or rear yard use easements may be used to maximize the use of small yard areas (see Figures 19.53.180-15 and 19.53.180-16 for examples of side and rear yard use easements).
b. 
The design of use easements should not negatively affect the building foundations.
c. 
Given the intimate relationship between adjacent houses, the layout of each home on its lot should be designed to maximize this outdoor space.
Figure 19.53.180-15
Side yard use easement
Figure 19.53.180-16
Rear yard use easement
SL4. 
Front Yards/Entrances.
Design Objective: To provide separation between buildings and the public pedestrian realm where the front yard functions as usable outdoor space and provides a clear, welcoming, and safe entry for pedestrians from the sidewalk into the building.
SL4.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL4.1.1. 
Primary building entries shall be clearly identifiable and visible from the street, with well-defined walkways from pedestrian routes to building entries (see Figure 19.53.180-17).
Figure 19.53.180-17:
Desirable: Homes in Seabrook with distinct entries and steps leading directly to sidewalk and street
SL4.1.2. 
Signage identifying a building’s address shall be visible from the street and public pedestrian walkway.
SL4.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL4.2.1. 
♠ Landscape planting should include the use of native shrubs and groundcovers where appropriate.
SL4.2.2. 
All landscape areas should include a mixture of deciduous and evergreen varieties, including perennials and flowering shrubs. Designs are strongly encouraged to include a minimum 20 to 25 percent of plant varieties that will provide seasonal color, texture and/or other special interest.
SL5. 
Parking and Garage Placement and Design.
Design Objective: To create residential development where a variety of garage placements ensure that the garages and parking areas are subordinate to the main home/living area and do not dominate the views of residential development from public streets and sidewalks.
SL5.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL5.1.1. 
The driveway and the garage shall be secondary to the livable portions of the house, landscaping and pedestrian entry as seen from the street (see Figure 19.53.180-18).
Figure 19.53.180-18:
Undesirable: Homes with garage and driveway dominated design
SL5.1.2. 
All garages shall be located in an area to minimize the presence of the automobile.
SL5.1.3. 
On-site garages shall be set back a minimum of 10 feet from the front building facade with a minimum 20-foot driveway length from the face of the garage to the back of the sidewalk or access lane. Garages accessed by an alleyway are not required to provide a 20-foot driveway.
SL5.1.4. 
Shared detached garages shall not be located further than 160 feet from any of the housing units to which it is assigned. Shared detached garages shall not exceed 44 feet in width and shall maintain at least an eight-foot separation from any dwellings.
SL5.1.5. 
Private detached garages shall maintain a minimum five-foot separation from any dwellings.
SL5.1.6. 
A tandem driveway space is allowed on a lot and shall extend a minimum of 20 feet from back of sidewalk or 20 feet from back of access lane.
SL5.1.7. 
The width of the driveway (excluding curb returns) shall not exceed 10 feet for single lane and 16 feet for double lane driveways. An individual driveway shall serve a maximum of four units.
SL5.1.8. 
Two resident parking stalls are required for each detached small lot unit and 1.5 resident parking stalls are required for each attached small lot unit.
SL5.1.9. 
In addition to required resident stalls, a minimum of one guest stall per small lot unit is required and shall be located on the lot (tandem parking is allowed), on a neighborhood street or in a parking court.
SL5.1.10. 
Parallel parking stalls on a neighborhood street shall be a minimum 22 feet long.
SL5.1.11. 
Guest parking shall not be located more than 160 feet from the home it is intended to serve.
SL5.1.12. 
For homes with front-loaded garages, no more than 40 percent of a home’s facade facing the street may be devoted to a garage.
SL5.1.13. 
For attached units, no more than two single-car garage doors may be visible on any street-facing facade and no more than one drive-way may be located on each street frontage of a lot.
SL5.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL5.2.1. 
When individual garages are incorporated into projects, common driveways or alley-loaded access is encouraged (see Figure 19.53.180-19).
Figure 19.53.180-19:
Garages with common access
SL5.2.2. 
On-site garages may include both attached and detached structures.
SL5.2.3. 
Shared detached garages are allowed and can be used to meet resident parking requirements. Each housing unit shall be assigned a garage space and may share the structure with other homes.
SL5.2.4. 
A detached garage may be designed as a carriage house that includes a second floor accessory dwelling unit provided the building uses the same architecture as the principal building (see Figure 19.53.180-20).
Figure 19.53.180-20:
Homes in Seabrook: Detached garage with accessory dwelling unit using architecture that is same as the principal residence
SL5.2.5. 
Driveways should be designed and located to minimize the appearance of the driveway and garage relative to pedestrian access, landscape, and livable portions of the home. Priority should be placed on the relationship of the rooms of the house or outdoor spaces to the street rather than the relationship of the garage to the street (see Figures 19.53.180-21, 19.53.180-22 and 19.53.180-23 for acceptable garage locations).
Figure 19.53.180-21:
DO THIS
These new houses are built on small lots with alley access. Each of these examples has:
• A variety of architectural styles and forms;
• Entry and sitting porches oriented towards the street; and planting strips and street trees between the sidewalk and street.
Figure 19.53.180-22:
DON’T DO THIS
These houses have garages that are forward of the main living areas of the house. The garages are the first thing that one notices and they dominate the streetscape.
Figure 19.53.180-23:
Acceptable garage locations
SL5.2.6. 
Design that minimizes views of garages and utilizes side and rear entry garages is strongly encouraged. Examples include side loaded garages, and garages that are set back from the house’s front facade, alley access garages, detached garages and one-car or tandem garages (see Figures 19.53.180-24, 19.53.180-25, 19.53.180-26 and 19.53.180-27).
Figure 19.53.180-24
Homes in Seabrook: Detached garages are located to side or rear of lots
Figure 19.53.180-25
Garages in Seabrook, some with second floor ADUs, located in a rear alley
Figure 19.53.180-26
Homes in Seabrook: Shared detached garages
Figure 19.53.180-27
Tandem garages
SL5.2.7. 
Garages should follow an architectural style similar to the homes. If sides are visible from streets, lanes, sidewalks, pathways, trails, or other homes, architectural details shall be incorporated in the design to minimize the impacts of the facade. Blank walls lacking windows, articulation or modulation are not permitted when facing a street.
SL5.2.8. 
At least one garage stall per unit is encouraged.
SL6. 
Individual Outdoor Spaces.
Design Objective: To provide private outdoor space that encourages a sense of ownership by residents.
SL6.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL6.1.1. 
Outdoor spaces such as yards, decks, terraces, and patios shall be delineated from common space. Delineation may consist of walls, fences, berms, hedges, and landscaping (see Figure 19.53.180-28).
Figure 19.53.180-28
Example of private open space in small lot neighborhood
SL6.1.2. 
Each unit shall have a minimum of 250 square feet of private yard with no dimension less than eight feet in width. For developments of three or fewer dwelling units, a minimum of 750 square feet of private yard shall be required.
SL6.1.3. 
Outdoor spaces used to meet these standards shall not be located within required landscape buffer areas.
SL6.1.4. 
Outdoor spaces shall not be located adjacent to dumpster enclosures, loading/service areas, or other incompatible uses.
SL6.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL6.2.1. 
♠ Planting areas should include the use of native plants when feasible.
SL6.2.2. 
Where landscape areas are provided, plant materials should be a mixture of deciduous and evergreen varieties. Designs are strongly encouraged to include a minimum 20 to 25 percent of plant varieties that will provide seasonal color, texture and/or other special interest.
SL6.2.3. 
Backyard patios and reciprocal use easements may be included in the calculation of private outdoor space.
SL7. 
Common Open Spaces.
Design Objective: To visually unify a development, link development clusters and provide enhanced pedestrian friendly circulation within the development.
SL7.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL7.1.1. 
Projects shall be sited to maximize opportunities for creating usable, well-integrated open space.
SL7.1.2. 
Pocket Parks.
a. 
A minimum of one half-acre park or central open space area (pocket park) shall be required for developments exceeding 10 acres of net developable acreage. The remaining required common open space shall be provided through additional park area, common greens, or pedestrian entry easements. If a small lot development has less than 10 acres of buildable land, a park, common green, pocket park and/or pedestrian entry easement may be used to meet the common open space requirements.
b. 
Pocket parks shall be visible and open to the street or be designed to serve clusters of approximately six to 12 homes (see Figure 19.53.180-29).
Figure 19.53.180-29
Common open space area/pocket park in The Commons at Fircrest, providing space for human interaction and play
SL7.1.3. 
Common Open Space.
a. 
For small lot developments of four or more units, each unit shall provide at least 350 square feet of common open space. Developments of three or less dwelling units have no common open space requirement.
b. 
Common open space shall be a minimum of 20 feet wide, and serve a minimum of four homes.
SL7.1.4. 
Pedestrian Easement. A pedestrian entry easement can be used to meet common open space requirements if it has a minimum width of 20 feet with a minimum five-foot wide sidewalk (see Figure 19.53.180-30).
Figure 19.53.180-30
SL7.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL7.2.1. 
♠ Stormwater ponds may be used to meet the common open space requirement if designed to be dry for 90 percent of the year. Such ponds shall be designed as a landscape amenity and shall not be fenced.
SL7.2.2. 
♠ In common open space areas, grass-crete or other pervious surfaces may be used for the purpose of meeting the 150-foot distance requirement for emergency vehicle access.
SL7.2.3. 
Open space areas should be used to visually unify a development, link development clusters and provide enhanced pedestrian circulation within the development.
SL7.2.4. 
Common open space should be centrally located so that it is a focus for the neighborhood and be easily viewed from the street and homes for informal surveillance and security (see Figure 19.53.180-31).
Figure 19.53.180-31
Common open space that is centrally located to the development
SL7.2.5. 
Clustering of buildings is encouraged to minimize small, narrow, unassigned strips in front of and between buildings.
SL7.2.6. 
The location of all open space areas should take into account climatic factors such as sun orientation and prevailing winds.
SL7.3. 
Public Trail and Park Improvements in Lieu of Common Open Space.
Design Objective: Provide incentives for projects that support development of public trails and parks identified within the City’s Parks, Recreation and Open Space (PROS) Plan.
SL7.3.1. 
On-site public trail construction and dedication may, at the City’s discretion, substitute on a square footage basis for common open space when the proposed trail is identified within the City’s PROS plan. The following requirements shall be met:
a. 
The trail must be identified within the PROS Plan.
b. 
The trail shall be constructed to City standards.
c. 
The trail must be dedicated to, and accepted by, the City as a public trail.
d. 
Trail dedication and construction shall reduce the required common open space on a square footage basis. For example, if the area of land dedicated for trail purposes is 50,000 square feet, an equivalent 50,000 square foot reduction in common open space shall be granted.
SL7.3.2. 
Improvement of off-site public parks and trails may, at the City’s discretion, be used to reduce common open space requirements when the proposed park or trail is identified within the PROS plan and the following requirements are met:
a. 
The public park or trail to be improved must be identified within the PROS plan, located on land owned by University Place, and be located no greater than 600 feet from the development. In the case of off-site trail improvements, a direct connection from the development to the trail must be provided.
b. 
The park or trail must be improved to City standards.
c. 
The park or trail improvements must be dedicated to, and accepted by, the City.
d. 
Public park and trail improvement shall reduce the required common open space by an area equivalent in value to 120 percent of the estimated value of the improvement. The monetary value of the off-site improvement shall be determined by the City based upon an estimate of the cost to University Place for the construction of similar improvements. The monetary value of the common open space area shall be determined by University Place based upon the market value of the land for residential use with utilities and other non-structural improvements in place.
SL8. 
Utility Areas and Accessory Structures.
Design Objective: To minimize the impact of utility locations and accessory structures.
SL8.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL8.1.1. 
Above ground utility boxes shall be placed in alleyways or away from public gathering spaces to the extent practicable and shall be screened with landscaping, which may include fencing or berms. This provision does not apply to meters attached or placed next to buildings.
SL8.1.2. 
No more than one detached garage or other accessory structure shall be permitted per lot and shall be architecturally consistent with the principal structure.
SL8.1.3. 
Detached garages shall not exceed 18 feet to top of roof in height or more than 600 square feet in area.
SL8.1.4. 
Carriage houses, which consist of an ADU located above a detached garage, shall not exceed 21 feet in height or a building footprint of 600 square feet in area.
SL8.1.5. 
Greenhouses, sheds, and other accessory structures (other than garages and carriage houses) shall not exceed 12 feet to top of roof in height or 150 square feet in area.
SL8.1.6. 
Accessory structures shall be no closer than three feet from the interior side or rear property line or two feet from an alleyway.
SL8.1.7. 
Overhangs and roof drainage may not encroach over property lines.
SL8.1.8. 
Accessory structures are not allowed in front yards.
SL8.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL8.2.1. 
Utility boxes should be grouped, if possible.
SL8.2.2. 
Mailboxes may be clustered in accordance with U.S. Postal Service (USPS) standards. Clustered mailboxes shall be architecturally enhanced with materials and details typical of nearby small lot development architecture and carefully placed to not adversely affect the privacy of residents and serve the needs of the USPS (see Figure 19.53.180-32).
Figure 19.53.180-32
Mailbox design
SL8.2.3. 
Landscaping should be provided around trash enclosures to soften views wherever feasible.
SL8.2.4. 
Trash enclosures should be located away from adjacent parcels to minimize noise and odor impacts typically associated with garbage collection and storage (see Figure 19.53.180-33).
Figure 19.53.180-33
Trash/recycling location
(Ord. 559 § 6 (Exh. A § 3 (SL1 – SL8)); Ord. 741 § 1 (Exh. J), 2020)
SL9. 
Mass, Scale and Form.
Design Objective: To encourage residential development that establishes streetscape variety, avoids monotonous facades, is pedestrian in scale and compatible with surrounding properties.
SL9.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL9.1.1. 
Primary building forms shall be the dominating form while secondary formal elements shall include porches, principal dormers, or other significant features (see Figure 19.53.190-1).
Figure 19.53.190-1
Primary building form should define the overall form of the house
SL9.1.2. 
The scale, mass and height of a new house or second/upper story additions shall be compatible with the existing neighborhood pattern specifically in relation to height and massing of adjacent homes.
SL9.1.3. 
The primary building elevation oriented toward the street or common green shall have at least one articulation or change in plane. A minimum of at least one side articulation shall occur for side elevations facing streets or public spaces.
SL9.1.4. 
Primary articulations shall be a minimum of two feet in depth and extend at least 20 percent of the length of the building facade. Side articulations shall be a minimum of one foot in depth and extend at least 20 percent of the length of the building facade (see Figure 19.53.190-2).
Figure 19.53.190-2
Primary and secondary building articulations avoid a monotonous streetscape appearance
SL9.1.5. 
Each home shall have a covered porch or main entry oriented towards the public realm.
SL9.1.6. 
Roof profiles shall define the form, scale and proportion of the home and building and reduce bulk.
SL9.1.7. 
The following bulk regulations shall apply:
Maximum Size for Dwelling
Attached unit: 1,500 square feet. Detached unit: 2,000 square feet. Attached garages are included. Detached garages and carriage house ADU floor area are excluded.
Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
Maximum FAR for individual lots shall not exceed 0.45. Average FAR for all homes within a small lot development shall not exceed 0.40. FAR is calculated using a site’s buildable area, including private street area and excluding critical areas and their required associated buffers. See UPMC § 19.45.080 for FAR standards.
Maximum Height for Dwelling
30 feet (where minimum roof slope of 6:12 for all parts of the roof above 20 feet is provided). Otherwise, 20 feet.
Maximum Height for Accessory Structure
18 feet for nonresidential structures. 21 feet for accessory structure containing a carriage house ADU.
Maximum Size for Accessory Structure
600 square feet on ground floor. Additional area allowed on second floor to accommodate a carriage house ADU.
SL9.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL9.2.1. 
Use new two-story home designs and second story additions that minimize structural massing of the second floor – particularly in existing neighborhoods that are predominantly single-story. Avoid two-story homes with disproportionately large masses, monumental forms and sharp contrasts in height (see Figure 19.53.190-3).
Figure 19.53.190-3
Avoid creating tall two-story exterior walls that are less compatible with single-story neighbors
SL9.2.2. 
Design of individual homes should provide interest and balance of bulk and mass. Design techniques include:
a. 
Second story setbacks stepped back from the first floor wall plane on at least two sides. On corner lots, the second story wall planes should be stepped back from the first floor wall planes along the street frontages (see Figures 19.53.190-4 and 19.53.190-5);
Figure 19.53.190-4
Interlocking upper and lower forms can make building composition more interesting
Figure 19.53.190-5
Setbacks of upper floors reduces visual appearance
b. 
Use horizontal elements to soften vertical elements (e.g., roof forms, decks);
c. 
Keep second floor exterior wall heights as low as possible;
d. 
Use roof forms that reduce bulk (e.g., use a number of hips and valleys); and
e. 
Minimize use of tall, two-story design elements with no architectural relief.
SL9.2.3. 
Avoid creating long or tall blank walls, particularly on the front and side of the home. By breaking up the appearance of long side walls with steps in the building wall, windows, and/or other substantial articulation, the apparent building mass can be reduced (see Figures 19.53.190-6, 19.53.190-7, 19.53.190-8 and 19.53.190-9). Use changes in materials and appropriate architectural detailing that add scale to long walls.
Figure 19.53.190-6
Do this – Reduce apparent building mass by changing building footprint
Figure 19.53.190-7
Do not do this – Long unbroken walls appear massive
Figure 19.53.190-8
Homes in Seabrook are modulated to break up the apparent bulk of the structures. Fenestration, window and door trim, entry accents, and changes in materials provide additional articulation
Figure 19.53.190-9
The massing of these homes is complementary, although individual building massing is unique. Homes in Seabrook employ a variety of roof forms and ridgeline orientations to the street, upper floor setbacks and other design elements to reduce apparent building mass.
SL9.2.4. 
Building massing should be varied by employing a variety of techniques, such as recessed and projecting porches, bay windows, dormers and varying planes or setbacks. As appropriate to the style of the house, the roof forms should be varied (see Figures 19.53.190-10 and 19.53.190-11).
Figure 19.53.190-10
Do this –
Homes in Seabrook: Variation in scale and massing by utilizing varying roof planes
Figure 19.53.190-11
Do not do this – This single-family project does not have any variation in roof planes
SL9.2.5. 
Choose appropriate roof pitches and forms to break up the perceived mass and height. By moving second floor to the rear of the house and highlighting a single-story element, visual mass of the house can be reduced (see Figures 19.53.190-12, 19.53.190-13 and 19.53.190-14).
Breaking up the mass and volume of a two-story house
Figure 19.53.190-12
Pushes second story to rear
Uses one-story porch element facing street with dormer windows
Figure 19.53.190-13
Moves second floor to rear of house
Presents one-story gable to street
Figure 19.53.190-14
Steps back second floor
Makes massing horizontal in appearance
SL10. 
Architectural Style.
Design Objective: To ensure that residential design contributes to the overall architectural character of University Place.
SL10.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL10.1.1. 
The architectural style of the house or building shall enhance the character of the neighborhood.
SL10.1.2. 
The architectural form of the house or building shall be carefully designed to articulate the style of the house or building.
SL10.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL10.2.1. 
New homes should be designed with an identifiable architectural style that enhances the character of the existing neighborhood. Additions to existing homes should be designed to be compatible with the architectural style of the existing home. (Please refer to “A Field Guide to American Houses” by Virginia and Lee McAlester.)
SL10.2.2. 
Consider using the design vocabulary of a particular architectural style to define a home’s visual form. This can be achieved in the following ways:
a. 
Avoid an interior design-driven floor plan that does not consider the impacts to exterior building mass and rooflines. Floor plans and roof layouts should coordinate well to create the best three-dimensional design.
b. 
Architectural elements of buildings (such as openings, doors, windows, etc.) and architectural features (like roof elements, columns, dormers, etc.) should be in proportion to the over-all home design.
SL10.2.3. 
Building articulation should be varied for visual interest and to provide relief from close adjacency of homes. Breaking up the building into smaller component parts will make it compatible to human scale and this can be achieved by employing a variety of techniques as follows:
a. 
Divide building into portions or segments compatible with the adjacent residential scale. Facades of long buildings shall be architecturally subdivided into shorter segments every 25 to 30 feet maximum.
b. 
Long walls (over 10 to 15 feet) should have architectural detail or be staggered to provide shade and shadow. Vertical two-story elevations should contain some architectural relief such as windows or decks, unifying architectural elements such as a sill or header line in the surface of the wall (see Figure 19.53.190-15).
Figure 19.53.190-15
Homes in Seabrook: Variations in roofline, building volume and good use of horizontal and vertical elements break up the building into small component parts
c. 
Use a few simple, well-proportioned building masses accented with a few smaller architectural elements, such as bay windows or dormers. Using too many elements can create a cluttered appearance.
d. 
Accentuate the ground floor of the building by making it more substantially visual than upper stories. This can be achieved by using entry porticos and front porches or other articulation at the ground level.
e. 
Use upper story setbacks or partial indentations for upper story features, such as balconies, outdoor moldings or cornices, to accentuate the horizontal levels of a building.
SL10.2.4. 
Building elevations should not be replicated across the street from each other or on adjacent parcels (see Figure 19.53.190-16).
Figure 19.53.190-16
Variety of models and elevations
SL11. 
Facades and Entries.
Design Objective: To ensure that residential entries and frontages promote a relationship to the human scale; create inviting transitions between public and private areas; facilitate opportunities for pedestrian activity on adjoining public streets and contribute to the overall design of the building and a community-oriented character for residential neighborhoods.
SL11.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL11.1.1. 
Facades. Facades shall be designed to include entries, porches and other architectural elements that relate to the human scale and provide a transition from public to private space with the following characteristics (see Figure 19.53.190-17):
Figure 19.53.190-17
This single-family residence has a clearly defined entry and a front porch that is large enough for people to sit.
a. 
Clear entry sequence extending from the public sidewalk to the front door;
b. 
Provide clearly defined site and building entries that are in scale with the proposed project and relate directly to the street frontage;
c. 
The front door to each unit shall be clearly visible from the adjacent street. The use of distinctive architectural elements and materials to denote prominent entrances is required.
SL11.1.2. 
Stoops and Porches.
a. 
Stoops or porches are required on all homes. At least 75 percent of the homes within a development shall have porches.
b. 
Stoops and porches shall be raised above the grade except where accessibility (ADA) is a priority. An accessible route may also be taken from a driveway.
c. 
All porches and stoops must take access from and face a street, park, common green, pocket park, pedestrian easement, or open space.
d. 
Stoops shall be accompanied by a projecting overhead element such as a dormer, arch or gable that provides roof coverage and weather protection. Stoops shall be a minimum of five feet wide and four feet deep. The minimum height above grade is 12 inches.
e. 
Porches shall have a minimum dimension of eight feet and a minimum area of 64 square feet. On corner lots, porches are encouraged to wrap around the side facade at least six feet (see Figure 19.53.190-18).
Figure 19.53.190-18
This home has a stoop that includes a projecting overhead element that provides protection from the elements and a second floor deck
SL11.1.3. 
Entries.
a. 
Residential entries shall be located on the front facade and shall directly access the sidewalk or street.
b. 
Any visible side of a home located on the corner of a neighborhood street, access lane, a park, green, or pocket park shall meet the architectural standards of this section (see Figure 19.53.190-19).
Figure 19.53.190-19
Corner lot architectural elements
c. 
Windows shall be provided in facades facing streets, comprising at least 20 percent of the facade area.
d. 
All windows within a building and across a facade shall be related in design, operating type, proportions and trim.
e. 
Windows shall be used as architectural elements that add relief to the facade and wall surface.
f. 
Windows shall employ design details, if appropriate to the architecture, such as mullions, to break the scale of the facade into smaller components.
g. 
Windows shall be inset into the facade or framed with substantial trim and sills to provide depth and shadow lines.
h. 
Front doors shall reflect the architectural style of the home. Screen or storm doors are permitted if they are in keeping with the home’s architectural character. Screen doors shall not be:
(1) 
Unpainted aluminum;
(2) 
Unpainted or unstained wood;
(3) 
Comprised of nonarticulated wood or aluminum panels;
(4) 
Temporary in appearance.
SL11.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL11.2.1. 
Facades.
a. 
Give special attention to elevations on the side of the house and corners visible from the street (see Figure 19.53.190-20).
Figure 19.53.190-20
Articulation of elements along corner lot streets should be comparable to building front articulation
b. 
Facade components facing the street should correspond to the scale of the human form. This is accomplished by visually breaking up facades into smaller components with elements such as windows, wall insets, balconies, ledges and trim and by stepping back upper stories.
c. 
If the building mass and pattern of windows and doors is complex, simple wall surfaces are recommended. If the building volume and the pattern of wall openings are simple, additional wall texture and articulation should be employed.
SL11.2.2. 
Entries.
a. 
Entry features should be integral to the facade, designed at a human scale and have substantial detailing. Entry features should not be over-scaled or monumental in nature and should not stand out on the house or in relationship to other houses in the neighborhood due to size, height or proportion (see Figures 19.53.190-21 and 19.53.190-22).
Figure 19.53.190-21
Entry porch highlights primary entry to the house and is oriented toward the street
Figure 19.53.190-22
Home with street-facing entry and good window placement
b. 
Residential entries should be separated from the street by semi-private transition areas, with one of the following characteristics (see Figure 19.53.190-23):
Figure 19.53.190-23
Use of porches can help transition from the public to the private realm and create a space for residents to congregate
(1) 
Porches, terraces, stoops or canopy-covered doorways close to or attached to sidewalks should be raised above street grade at least two feet; or
(2) 
A private entryway setback and separated from the sidewalk with a gate, fence, wall or other method.
c. 
Residential entryways should have the following characteristics:
(1) 
Differentiated roof, awning, or portico at the entry;
(2) 
Multi-panel doors;
(3) 
Durable, high quality metal door hardware.
SL12. 
Roofs.
Design Objective: To provide for a variety of roof forms and profiles that adds character and relief to the streetscape.
SL12.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL12.1.1. 
Primary Roof Pitch. Primary roof pitches shall be a minimum of 6:12 (see Figure 19.53.190-24).
SL12.1.2. 
Gable Forms. Roof pitches for gable forms on the public sides of the buildings shall be a minimum of 8:12 (see Figure 19.53.190-24).
Figure 19.53.190-24
Roof forms
SL12.1.3. 
Roof Overhangs. Roof overhangs shall be a minimum of 12 inches, excluding gutter (see Figure 19.53.190-25).
Figure 19.53.190-25
Minimum roof overhang
SL12.1.4. 
Roof Material. Roof material shall be fire retardant.
SL12.1.5. 
Roof Color. A variety of roof colors shall be used within the development.
SL12.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL12.2.1. 
Avoid bright color, reflective roofing material.
SL12.2.2. 
Overhangs and eaves should be detailed and proportioned to complement the architectural style of the home. For example, eaves ranging in size from 24 to 36 inches would be appropriate for a craftsman home.
SL13. 
Materials and Colors.
Design Objective: To ensure that an appropriate range of building materials is used that enhances the quality of residential development.
SL13.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL13.1.1. 
Consistent pattern and application of exterior materials shall be used on new homes and additions in order to enhance the appearance and character in the existing neighborhood.
SL13.1.2. 
The combination of materials on a building facade shall be appropriate to its style and design.
SL13.1.3. 
Where more than one material is used, the following techniques shall be used:
a. 
Vertical Changes. Changes in materials in a vertical wall, such as from brick to wood, shall wrap the corners no less than 24 inches. The material change shall occur at an internal corner or a logical transition such as aligning with a window edge or chimney. Material transition shall not occur at an exterior corner (see Figure 19.53.190-26).
Figure 19.53.190-26
Vertical material changes
b. 
Horizontal Changes. Transition in material on a wall surface, such as shingle to lap siding, will be required to have a material separation, such as a trim band board (see Figure 19.53.190-27).
Figure 19.53.190-27
Horizontal material changes
c. 
Acceptable Exterior Wall Material. Wood, cement fiberboard, stucco, EIFS, brick and stone may be used. Simulated stone, wood, stone, or brick may be used to detail homes.
d. 
Trim may be wood, cement fiberboard, stucco, or stone materials. Trim is required around all doors and windows. The trim must be three and one-half inches wide minimum and used on all elevations.
e. 
Provide multiple colors on buildings to reflect material changes and individuality of the residence.
(1) 
Muted deeper tones, as opposed to vibrant primary colors, shall be the dominant colors.
(2) 
Although grey and beige are not excluded, these colors shall not be the dominant color used on homes or other structures within a development.
(3) 
Color palettes for all new structures, coded to the home elevations, shall be submitted for approval.
SL13.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL13.2.1. 
Materials and colors should enhance the character and quality of residential development and be compatible with the surrounding neighborhood setting.
SL13.2.2. 
A variety of materials should be used to emphasize a differentiation between the various components of the building. The combination of materials on a building facade shall be appropriate to its style and design and be visually appealing to the pedestrian (see Figure 19.53.190-28).
Figure 19.53.190-28
Homes in Seabrook: All exterior building colors and materials should be subtle and compatible with the surrounding neighborhood. These homes are visually appealing to a pedestrian because of the colors and materials used in this development.
SL13.2.3. 
Materials and colors should not be used to create a distinctly unique appearance for each attached unit within a single building. Materials and colors should be applied consistently to each attached unit within a building.
SL13.2.4. 
Accent materials should not be used as the only exterior material on a home. They may be used to add interest and variety at a more intimate scale, such as along architectural elements such as cornices, or on portions of buildings or walls or details such as trim. Accent materials include stucco, brick, ceramic tile, stone and stone veneer (see Figures 19.53.190-29 and 19.53.190-30).
Figure 19.53.190-29
Do this
Use of accent materials to highlight architectural elements and different colors, creates variety and interest in Seabrook (left) and the Treehouse Neighborhood (right).
Figure 19.53.190-30
Do not do this
The use of a single material, stucco, and single or similar colors, has assisted in creating monotony in a neighborhood.
SL14. 
Other Design Elements.
Design Objectives: Design chimneys that reflect the architectural style of the homes. Design columns, trim work, and corner boards to add visual detail to the house, and integrate the gutters and downspouts into the home’s color scheme.
SL14.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL14.1.1. 
Chimneys above the roof shall be at least 20 inches by 24 inches as measured in the plan.
SL14.1.2. 
Wood-framed chimney enclosures are permitted; however, metal termination caps shall not be left exposed. These tops shall be shroud in a metal chimney surround.
SL14.1.3. 
Columns (see Figure 19.53.190-31).
a. 
Character columns shall be round, fluted, or strongly related to the home’s architectural style.
b. 
Exposed four-by-four- and six-by-six-inch posts are prohibited.
SL14.1.4. 
Corners (see Figure 19.53.190-31).
a. 
Beveled and mitered corners are preferred where siding is used.
b. 
Metal corner clips or corner boards may also be used at corners where siding is used. Corner boards shall be a minimum of two and one-half inches in width.
SL14.1.5. 
Gutters shall be painted or be of an integral color to closely match the body color or trim color. Gutters may also have a traditional metal appearance provided through the use of copper, aluminum, galvanized material or other metal.
Figure 19.53.190-31
Corner boards and columns
SL14.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL14.2.1. 
Chimney form and shape should reflect the proportions of masonry tradition. Skinny long chimneys out of concert with the house proportions or not naturally anchored into the roof forms and walls are unacceptable.
SL14.2.2. 
Overly stylistic chimneys are discouraged. Chimney shape and profile should appropriately reflect the stylistic direction of the rest of the house.
SL14.2.3. 
Columns, trim, and corner boards should reflect the architectural character of the home.
SL14.2.4. 
Corner boards should be painted a home’s body color to deemphasize their visibility unless a contrasting trim color is traditionally used for a particular architectural style. For example, a craftsman style home typically would deemphasize its corner boards by avoiding the use of contrasting color paint.
SL14.2.5. 
Gutters and downspouts should reflect the architectural character of the home. For example, half-round gutters are a traditional application for many traditional architectural designs.
SL15. 
Interior Sprinklers.
Design Objective: To enhance the safety of residents in the event of a fire.
SL15.1. 
Design Guidelines.
SL15.1.1. 
Sprinklers are encouraged to be installed in all living spaces when not otherwise required by regulation.
(Ord. 559 § 6 (Exh. A § 3(SL9 – SL15)))
SL16. 
Lighting.
Design Objective: To design lighting that provides safety, character and aesthetic benefits for the neighborhood, minimizes light pollution and encourages energy efficiency.
SL16.1. 
Approval Standards.
SL16.1.1. 
Exterior lighting shall be designed as an integral part of the building and landscape design. All exterior lighting shall be prevented from projecting light upward either by placement beneath building eaves or by an integral shield of the fixture’s interiors as recommended by the manufacturer.
SL16.1.2. 
Site plans and architectural plans shall include the location of fixtures, their design and the nature and level of the illumination they will provide.
SL16.1.3. 
The lighting for neighborhood streets, access lanes, alleyways, common greens, and parks shall be low intensity and shall be from the same family of fixtures.
SL16.1.4. 
Street lighting on neighborhood streets and access lanes within the boundary of a development shall be required.
a. 
Lighting facilities and fixtures shall be located outside public right-of-way unless owned, operated, and maintained by a power utility franchised by the City.
b. 
All street lighting fixtures shall be a maximum height of 16 feet.
SL16.1.5. 
Sidewalks and pathways not otherwise illuminated by street lighting shall be lit with ornamental lighting fixtures. All pedestrian lighting fixtures shall be a maximum height of 12 feet.
SL16.1.6. 
If alley lights are mounted on the garage, they shall be no higher than eight feet above ground and directed away from adjacent backyards and structures.
SL16.1.7. 
Lighting shall be limited to illumination of surfaces intended for pedestrians, vehicles, or key architectural features.
SL16.1.8. 
Street lights shall be placed on all internal roadways and perimeter roadways abutting the development per the design standards in UPMC § 13.20.630.
SL16.2. 
Design Guidelines.
SL16.2.1. 
Illumination levels should be provided to address security concerns, especially for parking lots, pedestrian paths, outdoor gathering spaces, at building entries and any other pedestrian accessible areas.
SL16.2.2. 
The light source for externally illuminated signs should be positioned so that light does not shine directly on adjoining properties, cause glare, or shine in the eyes of motorists or pedestrians.
SL16.2.3. 
Lighting should relate to the pedestrian scale of residential neighborhoods and should be considered a design element, rather than simply utilitarian. It should contribute to the character of development and should not impact adjacent development (see Figures 19.53.200-1 and 19.53.200-2).
SL16.2.4. 
Lighting sources should be kept as low to the ground as possible while ensuring safe and functional levels of illumination.
SL16.2.5. 
Area lighting should be directed downward or employ control features to avoid light being directed off site as well as to avoid lighting of the night sky.
SL16.2.6. 
In general, the location of lighting should respond to the anticipated use and not exceed the amount of illumination required by users.
Figure 19.53.200-1
Encouraged: Pedestrian-scaled decorative light fixtures add to the intimacy and character of a neighborhood.
Figure 19.53.200-2
Strongly discouraged: oversized utilitarian fixtures such as this “cobra head” example, which is out of scale with the surrounding homes and lends little character to the neighborhood.
SL16.2.7. 
Illumination over an entire area or the use of overly bright lighting is strongly discouraged. The use of a number of smaller lights (like bollard lighting) is preferable to larger, more intense lights (cobra head light fixtures).
SL16.2.8. 
Lighting for pedestrian movement should illuminate changes in grade, path intersections and other areas along paths which, if left unlit, would cause the user to feel insecure. Recommended minimum levels of illumination along pedestrian paths between destinations is 0.5 foot-candles. At pedestrian destination points such as entryways, plazas and courtyards, lighting levels should typically achieve illumination of one foot-candle.
SL16.2.9. 
The placement of light standards, whether for street lights or garden lights, should not interfere with pedestrian movement. Illumination should be concentrated along the pedestrian paths leading to parking areas and in the specific areas where cars are parked.
SL16.2.10. 
In order to conserve energy and reduce long-term costs, energy-efficient, Energy Star-certified lamps should be used for all lighting, and hours of operation should be monitored and limited to avoid waste. Low voltage lighting, and lighting activated through the use of photocells, motion sensors and automatic timers, should be used where feasible.
(Ord. 559 § 6 (Exh. A § 3(SL16)))