The purpose of this chapter is to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the citizens of Pinetop-Lakeside. The Town also intends to promote the health of the Town’s "urban forest" which will help protect residential, commercial, and undeveloped property values, help reduce the threat of wildland fire, and help reduce infestation and disease of the ponderosa pine trees and other coniferous trees within the Town. This chapter establishes requirements and recommendations to help property owners nurture healthy trees and plants while mitigating the risk to life and property from the threat of wildland fire and to help keep the fire on the ground.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
This chapter shall apply to all land within the Town.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
The following definitions apply to this chapter:
1. 
"Basal area"
is a measurement of tree density. The basal area is the cross-sectional area of a tree forty-two (42) inches above ground. The basal area of all trees in a given land area describes the degree to which an area is occupied by trees and is generally expressed in square feet per acre. The basal area calculation is: X2 times 0.005454 where X equals tree diameter in inches at forty-two (42) inches above ground. For example: The basal area of a twelve (12) inch dbh (diameter at breast height) tree = 144 x 0.005454 = 0.7854 square feet or (12 x 12 = 144 x 0.005454 = 0.7854 square feet).
The Concept of Basal Area
Exhibit 1
2. 
"Canopy closure"
is a measurement of tree density. It is an important factor in the initiation of and sustainment of crown fires. "Canopy closure" is the percentage of area above a parcel of land filled with vegetative foliage. Measurements of canopy closure can be made on the ground with a spherical densiometer, sighting periscope or with aerial photography measurement methods.
3. 
"Survivable space"
is the area around a structure that is intentionally maintained to provide a separation of the structure from non-fire-resistant vegetation to help prevent the spread of fire. The Town uses a three (3) zone approach to help create a survivable space around and between neighboring properties. Survivable space refers to structures and property.
4. 
"Director"
means the Director of the Community Development Department of the Town of Pinetop-Lakeside.
5. 
Forest Health Committee.
The Town Council shall serve as the Forest Health Committee until such time as a separate Forest Health Committee is appointed by the Town Council at which time the Council will establish provisions for creation, appointment, term of office, qualifications of members and meetings.
6. 
"Fuel modification"
means changing the type or amount of plant fuels to reduce fire danger.
7. 
"Ladder fuels"
are living or dead trees, bushes and grasses that allow a fire to travel from the ground to the forest or tree canopy. Ladder fuels help convert a ground fire to a crown fire.
8. 
"Non-fire-resistant vegetation"
includes trees and other plant material, dead or alive, which increase the fire danger to unreasonably high levels. The fire danger which results may be due to low moisture content, high levels of oil or pitch, a dense plant structure or other characteristics which make the trees or plants capable of producing or spreading high intensity fire.
9. 
"Remove or removal"
means the actual removal of a tree by digging up, cutting down, or the effective removal through damage. A tree shall be deemed "removed" even if a stump and roots remain.
10. 
"Responsible person"
means the owner and the possessor of land, and includes owners in possession, landlords and lessors, tenants and lessees, real property managers and any other person or entity which has possession, a right to possession or any management or supervisory authority over land. "Responsible person" may be one (1) or more persons, which persons shall be jointly and severally liable and responsible for forest health and fire protection of land within the Town.
11. 
"Trees"
means any self-supporting, woody plant of a species which normally, in the area, grows at maturity to an overall height of not less than ten (10) feet, and is greater than four (4) inches in diameter at a height of four (4) feet six (6) inches from the ground.
12. 
"Urban-wildland interface"
is the area where buildings, structures and people come together and mix with the forest or non-fire-resistant vegetation.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
The responsible person shall be responsible for modifying or removing trees, plants and other non-fire-resistant, insect infested, or disease ridden vegetation and debris on the land, and for carrying out such other fuel modification which is necessary to promote forest health and to help prevent the spread of fire to adjacent property by establishing and maintaining survivable space. Fuel modification shall meet the minimum survivable space requirements as described herein.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
Fuel modification shall be accomplished to help prevent or significantly limit the spread of fire to or from all buildings and property. The required and recommended fuel modification for each of the three (3) zones around buildings is set forth in Section 17.96.070(A), (B) and (C) and in the Three (3) Zone Plan Chart, Exhibit 2.
A. 
General Guidelines.
1. 
Fire resistant plants used as ground cover, such as green grass, ivy, succulents or other approved fire-resistant ground cover which do not form a means of readily transmitting fire to or from buildings are recommended and encouraged.
2. 
Coniferous trees within the survivable area should be spaced so that the trees do not unnaturally compete for water and soil nutrients, and should also be spaced so that the horizontal distance between crowns of adjacent coniferous trees or groupings of coniferous trees meets the survivable space guidelines outlined in Section 17.96.070(B)(2)(b) and in the Three (3) Zone Plan Chart, Exhibit 2.
3. 
Dead wood and vegetative litter shall be regularly removed from the ground and from trees.
4. 
The concepts and practices recommended by The Urban-Wildland Interface Code, as amended; Firewise Communities; the Arizona Wildfire and Environmental Series of the University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; as well as other programs, lists or publications approved by the Pinetop-Lakeside Town Council ("authoritative sources") shall be made available to the public, to foresters and to others who attempt to comply with this chapter, and they shall be considered authoritative sources for the Forest Health Committee and the municipal court when deciding matters relating to this chapter. Excerpts from any document approved as an "authoritative source" shall be admissible when offered by any party or witness in an appeal or court proceeding relating to this chapter.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
Ways to create survivable space include:
A. 
Decrease the amount of non-fire-resistant vegetation by reducing the density of trees and plants and creating sufficient space between trees and plants to promote forest and plant health and help reduce the spread of fire.
B. 
Increase the amount of unbuilt lot area.
C. 
Increase the moisture content of vegetation (adequate watering of trees and plants).
D. 
Plant fire-resistant plants.
E. 
Rearrange existing trees and plants.
F. 
Thin coniferous trees to achieve an overall average density of not more than sixty (60) square feet basal area (60 sq. ft. B.A.) per acre or canopy closure shall not exceed thirty-three (33%) percent noninclusive of deciduous and non-fire-prone species.
G. 
Remove all combustible materials and fire-prone vegetation from under decks and porches and within ten (10) feet of buildings.
H. 
Regular, continued maintenance of the area.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
A three (3) zone approach shall be applied to accomplish the survivable space requirements of this code on all parcels where there is a building or structure and for vacant parcels. (See Exhibit 2.)
A. 
Zone 1: zero (0) feet to ten (10) feet from buildings, structures, decks, etc.
1. 
Required Zone 1 Fuel Modification.
a. 
Remove fuel ladders and eliminate non-fire-resistant brush, leaving fire-resistant low growing specimens.
b. 
Remove and destroy all insect infested, diseased, and dead trees to prevent spread to healthy vegetation.
c. 
Remove all dead plant material from the ground which may create fuel ladders or contribute to the spread of fire.
d. 
Where applicable, trim coniferous trees to where the lowest branches or roofline and a minimum of ten (10) feet from chimneys or other sources of ignition.
e. 
Remove flammable debris from gutters and roof surfaces.
f. 
Remove all combustible materials and vegetation from under decks. Non-fire-resistant trees within three (3) feet of buildings, structures and decks should be spaced and pruned to limit ignition from surrounding vegetation and the creation of fuel ladders.
2. 
Zone 1 Recommended Fuel Modification.
a. 
Survivable space should be regularly maintained annually by the property owner.
b. 
Provide adequate hydration for all vegetation.
B. 
Zone 2: ten (10) feet to thirty (30) feet from buildings, structures, decks, etc.
1. 
Required Zone 2 Fuel Modification.
a. 
Remove all ladder fuels and dead material.
b. 
Remove and destroy all insect infested, diseased, and dead trees to prevent spread to healthy vegetation.
c. 
Thin coniferous trees to achieve an overall average density of not more than sixty (60) square feet basal area (60 sq. ft. B.A.) per acre or canopy closure shall not exceed thirty-three (33%) percent noninclusive of deciduous and non-fire-prone species.
2. 
Recommended Zone 2 Fuel Modification.
a. 
Zone 2 survivable space shall be regularly maintained by the property owner.
b. 
Reduce continuity of fuels by creating clear space around brush or planting groups.
c. 
Control erosion and sedimentation from exposed soils through terracing, gravel beds, rocked or other appropriate ground cover. Emphasis is placed on slopes greater than twenty (20%) percent gradient, in which case additional vegetation treatment may be required.
d. 
Remove all but one (1) inch of pine needle or leaf droppings. It is important to leave a layer of decomposing plant material to maintain adequate moisture levels for further decomposition and plant hydration.
C. 
Zone 3: thirty (30) feet from buildings, structures, decks, etc., to property line.
1. 
Required Zone 3 Fuel Modification.
a. 
Remove all ladder fuels and dead material.
b. 
Thin coniferous trees to achieve an overall average density of not more than sixty (60) square feet basal area (60 sq. ft. B.A.) per acre or canopy closure shall not exceed thirty-three (33%) percent noninclusive of deciduous and non-fire-prone species.
c. 
Remove and destroy all insect infested, diseased, and dead trees to prevent spread to healthy vegetation.
2. 
Recommended Zone 3 Fuel Modification.
a. 
Zone 3 survivable space should be regularly maintained by the property owner.
THREE (3) ZONE PLAN CHART – EXHIBIT 2
Survivable Space Criteria
Required Actions
Recommended Actions
Time for Compliance
Zone 1 (0 to 10 feet from structures)
 
 
Within 1 year of enactment (See Section 17.96.100(A))
1. Remove all ladder fuels (see subsection (A)(1)(a) of this section)
X
 
 
2. Reduce flammable vegetation (see subsection (A)(1)(a) of this section)
X
 
 
3. Remove and destroy all insect infested, diseased, and dead trees (see subsection (A)(1)(b) of this section)
X
 
 
4. Remove all dead plant material from ground (see subsection (A)(1)(c) of this section)
X
 
 
5. Prune tree limbs overhanging roof (see subsection (A)(1)(d) of this section)
X
 
 
6. Remove branches within 10 feet of chimney (see subsection (A)(1)(d) of this section)
X
 
 
7. Remove flammable debris from gutters and roof surfaces (see subsection (A)(1)(e) of this section)
X
 
 
8. Remove all combustible material and vegetation from under decks (see subsection (A)(1)(f) of this section)
X
 
 
9. Regularly maintain survivable space (see subsection (A)(2)(a) of this section)
X
 
 
10. Provide adequate hydration (See subsection (A)(2)(b) of this section)
 
X
 
Zone 2 (10 to 30 feet from structures)
 
 
Within 2 years of enactment (see Section 17.96.100(B))
1. Remove all ladder fuels (see subsection (B)(1)(a) of this section)
X
 
 
2. Remove and destroy all insect infested, diseased, and dead trees (see subsection (B)(1)(b) of this section)
X
 
 
3. Regularly maintain survivable space (see subsection (B)(2)(a) of this section)
X
 
 
4. Create separation between trees, tree crowns, grouping of trees and other plants based on fuel type, density, slope and other topographical features (see subsection (B)(1)(c) of this section). Achieve a maximum density of 60 sq. ft. basal area in conifers or conifer crown closure equal to or less than 33%
X
 
 
5. Reduce continuity of fuels by creating clear space around brush or planting groups (see subsection (B)(2)(b) of this section)
X
 
 
6. Control erosion and sedimentation (see subsection (B)(2)(c) of this section)
 
X
 
7. Remove all but 1 inch of pine needle or leaf droppings (see subsection (B)(2)(d) of this section)
 
X
 
Zone 3 (30 feet to the property line)
 
 
Within 4 years of enactment (see Section 17.96.100(C))
1. Remove all ladder fuels (see subsection (C)(1)(a) of this section)
X
 
 
2. Maximum Basal
Conifers – 60 sq. ft. Basal Area or conifer crown closure equal to or less than 33%
60 sq. ft. B.A.
 
 
3. Remove and destroy all insect infested, diseased, and dead trees (see subsection (C)(1)(c) of this section)
X
 
 
4. Regularly maintain survivable space (see subsection (C)(2)(a) of this section)
X
 
 
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
Undeveloped parcels shall meet, at a minimum, Zone 3 standards as defined in Section 17.96.070.
The responsible person for parcels of vacant property proposed for development shall prepare a fuel modification plan. This section shall also apply to undeveloped tracts, new subdivisions and parcels or voluntary groupings of parcels.
A. 
It is recommended that the fuel modification plan be prepared or certified by a professional forester, a certified arborist, or another qualified individual or organization and approved by the Community Development Director. A fuel modification plan identifies actions necessary to promote forest health and to help prevent the spread of fire to adjacent property by establishing and maintaining survivable space. The plan should include considerations for both wildlife and ground water protection. The action identified by the fuel modification shall be completed prior to the issuance of any building permit or the approval of any maps or plans for subdivisions or property.
B. 
After a site visit and inspection of the property, the Director may request submission of a fuel modification plan before or as a part of the plans required for plat approval, issuance of a building permit, or, in the case of existing developed areas, for fuel modification required by this chapter.
C. 
A fuel modification plan shall include at least the following information:
1. 
A copy of the site plan.
2. 
Methods and timetables for controlling, changing, or modifying fuels on the property(ies) in a timely and effective manner.
3. 
Elements of the plan shall include removal of slash, snags, vegetation that may grow into overhead electrical lines, other ground fuels, ladder fuels and dead trees, and the thinning of live trees.
4. 
Methods and timetables for control and elimination of diseased and/or insect infested vegetation.
5. 
A plan for the ongoing maintenance of the proposed fuel-reduction and disease and insect infestation control measures. To be considered fuel modification and disease/infestation control for purposes of this code, continuous maintenance of the clearance or control measure is required.
6. 
When a grouping of parcels in multiple ownership is proposed to achieve compliance with this chapter, the proposed vegetation management plan shall be accepted by all owners of property covered by the plan.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
Nothing contained in this chapter shall prohibit a property owner(s) from developing a landscape plan or a fuel modification plan that is not in strict accord with the survivable space guidelines established by this chapter, so long as the plan accomplishes the purposes of this chapter and so long as the plan is certified by a professional forester, a certified arborist, or another qualified individual or organization and approved by the Director.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
All property subject to this chapter shall be brought into compliance in accordance with the following schedule:
A. 
Within one (1) year of enactment:
1. 
Compliance with all requirements of Section 17.96.070, Zone 1.
B. 
Within two (2) years of enactment:
1. 
Compliance with all requirements of Zones 1 and 2 for property governed by Section 17.96.070.
2. 
Where an undeveloped parcel adjoins a parcel with a building or structure, and the distance from the property line to a structure is less than thirty (30) feet, that portion of the undeveloped parcel that is within thirty (30) feet of a structure shall achieve Zone 2 standards.
C. 
Within four (4) years of enactment:
1. 
Compliance with Zone 1, 2 and 3 standards shall be achieved on all property regulated by Section 17.96.070.
2. 
All property regulated by this section shall have trees and other plants modified and maintained in accordance with an acceptable or an approved fuel modification plan.
D. 
All new residential and commercial construction of any building or structure shall comply with Zone 1, 2, and 3 requirements prior to completion of construction. A certificate of occupancy shall not be issued until the requirements of this chapter are met.
E. 
All proposed new subdivisions shall provide, as part of the preliminary and final plat approval process, a fuel modification plan meeting the requirements of this chapter.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
A. 
Permits for removal of trees in accordance with this chapter shall not be required.
B. 
All other tree removal shall be in accordance with an approved site or plot plan, or pursuant to other approval by the Director, the Community Development Department, the Planning and Zoning Commission, the Town Council, or other authority of the Town.
C. 
Removal shall be in accordance with commonly accepted practices and management standards such as those promulgated by the International Society of Arboriculture and the University of Arizona Cooperative Extension.
D. 
Trees cut down shall be removed from the property within two (2) weeks or cut and stored on the property in a manner which is not a hazard to public health and safety and which shall not encourage the propagation of insects.
E. 
Trees not properly removed or stored shall be considered a nuisance pursuant to this chapter or Chapter 17.100. The Town may remove, abate, enjoin or otherwise cause the removal of such solid waste and all costs of such removal, abatement or injunction of such nuisance or solid waste shall be assessed against the land in accordance with this chapter or Section 17.100.050.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
A. 
In the event that the responsible person does not perform the fuel modification or removal of trees, plants or other vegetation in accordance with the requirements of this chapter, the property shall be a public nuisance, which nuisance may be abated by the Town, and for which the responsible person may be cited, be found responsible or be enjoined by appropriate court proceeding.
B. 
The cost of any fuel modification, removal, abatement or injunction of such public nuisance, along with any associated legal costs, shall be assessed against the land where the nuisance existed. The Town may record the cost of removal, abatement or injunction as an assessment in the Navajo County Recorder’s Office, including the date and amount of the assessment, the legal description of the property and the full name and address of the property owner. Any such assessment is prior and superior to all other liens, obligations, mortgages or other encumbrances except liens for general taxes. A sale of the land to satisfy an assessment obtained under the provisions of this chapter shall be made upon judgment of foreclosure and order of sale. The Town shall have the right to bring an action to enforce the assessment in the Navajo County Superior Court at any time after the recording of the assessment. The failure to enforce the assessment by such legal action shall not affect the assessment’s validity. A recorded assessment shall be prima facie evidence of the truth of all matters recited therein, and of the regularity of all proceedings prior to the recording thereof.
C. 
Assessments that are imposed under this chapter run against the land until paid, accrue interest at the rate of ten (10%) percent per year or as otherwise prescribed by Arizona Revised Statutes, Title 44, Chapter 9, Article 1, Section 44-1201; and are due and payable in equal annual installments as follows:
1. 
Assessments of less than five hundred dollars ($500.00) shall be paid within one (1) year after the assessment is recorded.
2. 
Assessments of five hundred dollars ($500.00) or more but less than one thousand dollars ($1,000) shall be paid within two (2) years after the assessment is recorded.
3. 
Assessments of one thousand dollars ($1,000) or more but less than five thousand dollars ($5,000) shall be paid within three (3) years after the assessment is recorded.
4. 
Assessments of five thousand dollars ($5,000) or more but less than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) shall be paid within six (6) years after the assessment is recorded.
5. 
Assessments of ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or more shall be paid within ten (10) years after the assessment is recorded.
D. 
Subsequent Assessments. A prior assessment for the purposes provided in this chapter shall not be a bar to a subsequent assessment or assessments for the same or similar purposes; and any number of assessments on the same land may be enforced in the same legal action.
E. 
Civil Penalty. Any owner, tenant or other responsible person who, after notice as required by Section 17.96.130(A), does not perform the fuel modification or removal of trees, plants or other vegetation in accordance with the requirements of this chapter and abate the condition which constitutes a hazard to the public health and safety, by the date stated in the notice, shall be subject to a civil penalty as set forth in Chapter 17.132.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
A. 
Notice of Civil Violation.
1. 
Notice of Civil Violation. A written notice of any violation of this chapter shall be delivered to the responsible person. This written notice shall give a minimum of at least thirty (30) additional days before the date set for compliance, and shall include the following information:
a. 
The name and address of the responsible person to whom the notice of violation is directed; and
b. 
The physical property address or the legal description of the land upon which the violation has occurred or is occurring; and
c. 
A description of the violation, including a reference to this chapter by section number; and
d. 
A brief statement of the action required to be taken to correct the violation; and
e. 
The date before which the corrective action shall be taken, which date shall be at least thirty (30) days after the date of the notice of civil violation; and
f. 
The estimated maximum cost of such removal to the Town if the responsible person does not comply.
2. 
Delivery of Notice. Delivery of a written notice of civil violation may be made by posting the notice at or on the property in a conspicuous place and by any of the following additional methods:
a. 
Personal service on the responsible person;
b. 
By certified mail to the responsible person at his/her last known residence or business address, or at the address to which the tax bill for the land was last mailed.
3. 
Recording of Notice. The Town may record the notice of civil violation in the Navajo County Recorder’s Office; provided, that if compliance with the notice of civil violation is subsequently satisfied, the Town shall record a release of the notice also.
4. 
In the event that the notice of violation or assessment is mailed, delivery shall be conclusively presumed to have occurred five (5) days from the date of mailing. In the event of personal service, the date of delivery is the date of such service. In the event of a posting of the notice at or on the property, delivery shall be conclusively presumed to have occurred five (5) days from the date of posting.
B. 
Continuing Duty to Correct. Payment of a civil monetary penalty pursuant to this chapter does not relieve a responsible person of the duty to correct the violation as ordered by the Town in any notice of civil violation.
C. 
Civil Court Action. In any civil action brought to enforce the provisions of this chapter, photographic evidence that the public nuisance or other violation of this chapter was present on the land within ten (10) days of preparation of the notice of civil violation shall create a presumption that the defendant is in violation of this chapter.
D. 
Collection of Civil Monetary Penalty. The Magistrate Court shall have the primary duty to collect civil monetary penalties pursuant to this chapter. In addition, the Town Attorney, on behalf of the Town, is authorized to collect the civil monetary penalties assessed pursuant to this chapter by use of appropriate legal remedies.
E. 
Enforcement Officers. The Community Development Department and the Police Department are authorized to request compliance with and enforce the provisions of this chapter. In addition, employees of any fire district with authority within the Town boundaries may request compliance with this chapter and may report violations of this chapter to the Director.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))
A. 
Appeals resulting from enforcement of this chapter are heard by the Town Council who shall serve as the Forest Health Committee.
B. 
The Forest Health Committee will hear appeals resulting from the enforcement of this chapter by the Town staff.
C. 
The Forest Health Committee shall hear and decide appeals from any order, requirement or decision of the Director of the Community Development Department relating to this chapter.
D. 
When the Director deems it appropriate, the Director may defer orders, requirements or decisions relating to this chapter to the Forest Health Committee for its consideration or decision. In any such circumstance where the Director elects to defer the Director’s decision on an issue or question relating to this chapter, the Forest Health Committee shall meet and hear from both the Director and the responsible person and reach a decision within thirty (30) days from the date the landscaping plan, vegetation management plan or other issue was first presented to the Director.
E. 
Within ten (10) days from the delivery of a notice of civil violation or the recording of an assessment, the responsible person may appeal the notice of civil violation or assessment to the Forest Health Committee. All such appeals shall be in writing and filed with the Director. Within thirty (30) days of the receipt of the appeal, the Forest Health Committee shall set a time and place for an appeal hearing. Within fifteen (15) days after the conclusion of the appeal hearing the Forest Health Committee shall enter its order affirming, denying or modifying the notice of violation or assessment. In the event that the Forest Health Committee affirms or modifies the notice of violation or assessment, the responsible person shall remove or abate the public nuisance, perform the required fuel modification or otherwise comply with the requirements of this chapter within thirty (30) days of the date of the order. The decision and order of the Forest Health Committee shall be final and binding, and any party wishing to appeal from such order shall do so based upon the record of proceedings of the Forest Health Committee in the Navajo County Superior Court, only. Appeal proceedings in the Navajo County Superior Court or any other court of competent jurisdiction shall not be de novo.
(Ord. 10-337 § 2 (Exh. A)(part); Ord. 15-393 § 1 (part))