Building Materials
|
Weight
(pounds per cubic foot)
|
---|---|
Brickwork
|
120
|
Concrete, stone
|
144
|
Concrete, cinder, used for floor arches or slabs
|
108
|
Concrete, cinder, used for filling
|
60
|
Hollow concrete block masonry
|
108
|
Cinder block masonry
|
84
|
Gypsum block
|
48
|
Hollow tile wall-bearing
|
60
|
Hollow tile, partition
|
54
|
Plaster, mortar
|
96
|
Granite, bluestone and marble
|
170
|
Limestone
|
56
|
Sandstone
|
144
|
Oak
|
50
|
Long leaf yellow pine
|
44
|
Douglas fir and short leaf yellow pine
|
36
|
Spruce, hemlock and white pine
|
30
|
Kind
|
Mortar Cement
(pounds per square inch)
|
Cement-Lime Mortar
(pounds per square inch)
|
Lime Mortar
(pounds per square inch)
|
---|---|---|---|
Granite
|
800
|
640
|
400
|
Gneiss
|
750
|
600
|
375
|
Limestone
|
500
|
400
|
250
|
Marble
|
500
|
400
|
250
|
Bluestone
|
400
|
300
|
175
|
Sandstone
|
300
|
250
|
150
|
When Laid in
|
Portland Cement Mortar
(pounds per square inch)
|
Cement-Lime Mortar (pounds
per square inch)
|
Lime Mortar (pounds per square
inch)
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brickwork
|
250
|
150
|
100
| |
Hollow building blocks
| ||||
Gross area:
| ||||
Concrete cells vertical,
|
80
|
70
| ||
Concrete cells horizontal,
|
30
|
25
| ||
Terra cotta cells vertical,
|
120
|
100
| ||
Terra cotta cells horizontal
|
70
|
60
|
Plain concrete masonry (1 to 7 mix)
|
400 pounds per square inch
| |
Grout, neat portland cement in thin layers under
bases only
|
1,000 pounds per square inch
| |
Grout, (1 1/2 mix)
|
600 pounds per square inch
|
Flexure: FC
| ||
---|---|---|
Designation
|
Description
|
Allowable Working Stresses
(pounds per square inch)
|
S1
|
Extreme fiber stress in bending
|
650
|
S2
|
Extreme fiber stress in compression adjacent
to supports
|
750
|
Shear: V
| ||
S3
|
Beams without web reinforcement and without
special anchorage of longitudinal steel
|
40
|
S4
|
Beams without web reinforcement but with special
anchorage of longitudinal steel
|
60
|
S5
|
Beams with properly designed web reinforcement
but without special anchorage of longitudinal steel
|
100
|
S6
|
Beams with properly designed web reinforcement
and with special anchorage of longitudinal steel
|
150
|
S7
|
Flat slabs at distance (d) from edge of column
capital or drop panel
|
60
|
S8
|
Footings where longitudinal bars are without
special anchorage
|
40
|
S9
|
Footings where longitudinal bars have special
anchorage
|
60
|
Bond: U
| ||
In beams, slabs and one-way footings:
| ||
S10
|
Plain bars
|
80
|
S11
|
Deformed bars
|
100
|
In two-way footings:
| ||
S12
|
Plain bars
|
60
|
S13
|
Deformed bars
|
75
|
Bearing: FC
| ||
S14
|
Direct
|
500
|
Axial compression: FC
| ||
S15
|
In columns
|
500
|
S16
|
In pedestals
|
500
|
S17
|
Ratio (n)
|
15
|
Description
|
Allowable Working Stress
(pounds per square inch)
| |
---|---|---|
Rail steel bars in tension
|
fs 16,000
| |
Structural steel grade billet steel in tension
|
fs 18,000
| |
Cold-drawn steel wire in tension
|
fs 20,000
| |
Web reinforcement
|
fv 16,000
| |
Steel bars in compression
|
nfc
|
Flexure: FC
| ||
---|---|---|
Designation
|
Description
|
Allowable Working Stresses (f'c)
|
S1
|
Extreme fiber stress in compression
|
0.40
|
S2
|
Extreme fiber stress in compression adjacent
to supports of continuous or fixed beams or slabs or of rigid frames
|
0.45
|
Shear: V
| ||
S3
|
Beams without web reinforcement and without
special anchorage of longitudinal steel
|
0.02
|
S4
|
Beams without web reinforcement but with special
anchorage of longitudinal steel
|
0.03
|
S5
|
Beams with properly designed web reinforcement
but without special anchorage of longitudinal steel
|
0.06
|
S6
|
Beams with properly designed web reinforcement
with special anchorage of longitudinal steel
|
0.09
|
S7
|
Flat slabs at distance (d) from edge of column
capital or drop panel
|
0.03
|
S8
|
Footings where longitudinal bars are without
special anchorage
|
0.02
|
S9
|
Footings where longitudinal bars have special
anchorage
|
0.03
|
Bond: U
| ||
In beams, slabs and one-way footings:
| ||
S10
|
Plain bars
|
0.04
|
S11
|
Deformed bars
|
0.05
|
In two-way footings:
| ||
S12
|
Plain bars
|
0.03
|
S13
|
Deformed bars
|
0.0375
|
Where special anchorage is provided, § 86-61I, double these values in bond may be used.
| ||
Bearings: FC
| ||
S14
|
Direct bearing
|
0.30
|
Axial compression: FC
| ||
S15
|
In columns
|
0.25
|
S16
|
In pedestals
|
0.30
|
S17
|
Ratio (n)
|
30,000
|
On
|
Pounds Per Square Inch
| |
---|---|---|
Pins
|
13,500
| |
Power-driven rivets
|
13,500
| |
Hand-driven rivets
|
10,000
| |
Unfinished bolts
|
10,000
| |
Gross area of the webs of beams and girders
|
12,000
|
On
|
Double Shear
(pounds per square inch)
|
Single Shear
(pounds per square inch)
| |
---|---|---|---|
Pins
|
30,000
|
24,000
| |
Power-driven rivets
|
30,000
|
24,000
| |
Hand-driven rivets
|
20,000
|
16,000
| |
Unfinished bolts
|
20,000
|
16,000
|
Stress
|
Pounds Per Square Inch
| ||
---|---|---|---|
Tension
|
3,000
| ||
Shear
|
3,000
| ||
Bending:
| |||
Extreme fiber-compression side
|
16,000
| ||
Extreme fiber-tension side
|
3,000
|
Soil
|
Sustaining Power
(tons per square foot)
| |
---|---|---|
Quicksand
|
0.5
| |
Softclay
|
1
| |
Wet sand (confined)
|
2
| |
Firm clay
|
2
| |
Sand and clay, mixed or in layers
|
2
| |
Fine dry sand
|
3
| |
Coarse sand
|
4
| |
Gravel
|
6
| |
Softrock
|
8
| |
Hardpan (overlaying rock)
|
10
| |
Medium rock
|
25
| |
Hard rock
|
40
|