[HISTORY: Adopted by the Township Committee
of the Township of Harrison as indicated in article histories. Amendments
noted where applicable.]
[Adopted 4-1-1985 by Ord. No. 3-1985]
No person in a public park and recreation area
shall:
A.
Willfully mark, deface, disfigure, injure, tamper
with or displace or remove any buildings, bridges, tables, benches,
fireplaces, railing, pavings or paving materials, waterlines or other
public utilities or parts or appurtenances thereof, signs, notices
or placards, whether temporary or permanent, monuments, stakes, posts,
or other boundary markers, or other structures or equipment, facilities
or park property or appurtenances whatsoever, either real or personal.
B.
Fail to cooperate in maintaining rest rooms and washrooms
in a neat and sanitary condition. No person over the age of six years
shall use the rest rooms and washrooms designated for the opposite
sex.
C.
Dig or remove any soil, rock, sand, stones, trees,
shrubs or plants or other wood or materials, or make any excavation
by tool, equipment, blasting or other means or agency.
D.
Construct or erect any building or structure of whatever
kind, whether permanent or temporary, or run or string any public
service utility into, upon, or across such lands, except on special
written permit issued hereunder.
E.
Damage, cut, carve, transplant or remove any tree
or plant or injure the bark, or pick flowers or seeds of any tree
or plant, dig in or otherwise disturb grass areas, or in any other
way injure the natural beauty or usefulness of any area.
F.
Climb any tree or walk, stand or sit upon monuments,
vases, planters, fountains, railings, fences or upon any other property
not designated or customarily used for such purposes.
G.
Tie or hitch an animal to any tree or plant.
H.
Hunt, molest, harm, frighten, kill, trap, pursue,
chase, tease, shoot or throw missiles at any animal, wildlife, reptile
or bird; nor shall he remove or have in his possession, the young
of any wild animal, or the eggs or nest, or young of any reptile or
bird. Exception to the foregoing is made in that snakes, known to
be deadly poisonous, or deadly reptiles, may be killed on sight.
I.
Throw, discharge, or otherwise place or cause to be
placed in the waters of any fountain, pond, lake, stream or other
body of water in or adjacent to any park or any tributory stream,
storm sewer, or drain flowing into such water, any substance, matter
or thing, liquid or solid, which will or may result in the pollution
of said waters.
J.
Have brought in or shall dump in, deposit or leave
any bottles, broken glass, ashes, paper, boxes, cans, dirt, rubbish,
waste, garbage, or refuse, or other trash. No such refuse or trash
shall be placed in any waters in or contiguous to any park, or left
anywhere on the grounds thereof, but shall be placed in the proper
receptacles where these are provided; where receptacles are not provided,
all such rubbish or waste shall be carried away from the park by the
person responsible for its presence and properly disposed of elsewhere.
K.
Drive any vehicle on any area except the paved park
roads or parking areas, or such areas as may on occasion be specifically
designated as temporary areas by the Park and Recreation Commission.
L.
Park a vehicle in other than an established or designated
parking area, and such shall be in accordance with posted directions
thereat and with the instruction of any attendant who may be present.
M.
Leave a vehicle standing or parked at night in established
parking areas or elsewhere in the park areas.
N.
Leave a bicycle in a place other than a bicycle rack
when such is provided and there is space available.
O.
Ride a bicycle without reasonable regard to the safety
of others.
P.
Leave a bicycle lying on the ground or paving or set
against trees, or in any place or position where other persons may
trip over or be injured by them.
Q.
Carry or possess firearms of any description, or air
rifles, spring guns, bows and arrows, slings or any other form of
weapon potentially inimical to wildlife and dangerous to human safety,
or any instrument that can be loaded with and fire blank cartridges,
or any kind of trapping device. Shooting into park areas from beyond
park boundaries is forbidden.
R.
Picnic or lunch in a place other than those designated
for that purpose. Attendants shall have the authority to regulate
these activities in such areas when necessary to prevent congestion
and to secure the maximum use for the comfort and convenience of all.
Visitors shall comply with any directions given to achieve this end.
S.
Violate the regulation that use of individual fireplaces
together with tables and benches follows the generally accepted rule
of "first-come-first-served."
T.
Use any portion of the picnic area or any of the buildings
or structures therein for the purpose of holding picnics to the exclusion
of other persons, nor shall any person use such areas and facilities
for an unreasonable time if the facilities are crowded.
U.
Leave a picnic area before the fire is completely
extinguished and before all trash is placed in the disposal receptacles
where provided. If no such trash receptacles are available, then trash
shall be carried away from the park area by the picnicker to be properly
disposed of elsewhere.
V.
Set up tents, shacks, or any other temporary shelter
for the purpose of overnight camping, nor shall any person leave in
a park after closing hours any movable structure or special vehicle
to be used, or that could be used, for such purpose, such as a house
trailer, camp trailer, camp wagon, or the like, except in those areas
designated by the Park Commission for those purposes.
W.
Take part in or abet the playing of any games involving
thrown or otherwise propelled objects, such as balls, stones, arrow,
javelins, horseshoes, quoits, or model airplanes, except in those
areas set apart for such forms of recreation. The playing of rough
or comparatively dangerous games, such as football, baseball and lacrosse,
is prohibited except on the fields and courts or areas provided therefor.
Roller skating shall be confined to those areas specifically designed
for such pastime.
X.
Walk, gather or ice skate on any frozen lake, pond, reservoir or
basin.
[Added 2-18-2015 by Ord.
No. 3-2015]
[Amended 9-4-1990 by Ord.
No. 28-1990; 7-5-2005 by Ord. No. 33-2005; 12-7-2009 by Ord. No. 37-2009; 12-17-2012 by Ord. No. 53-2012; 8-19-2013 by Ord. No.
30-2013; 6-2-2014 by Ord. No. 17-2014; 10-20-2014 by Ord. No. 29-2014; 2-20-2018 by Ord. No. 5-2018]
While in a public park or recreation area, all
persons shall conduct themselves in a proper and orderly manner, and
in particular, no person shall:
A.
Bring or drink alcoholic beverages at any time, except as permitted pursuant to § 73-16 of this Code.
B.
Be intoxicated by the influence of illegal drugs or alcohol.
C.
Have in his possession, or set or otherwise cause
to explode or discharge or burn, any firecrackers, torpedo rockets,
or other fireworks, firecrackers, or explosives of inflammable material,
or discharge them or throw them into any such areas from lands or
highways adjacent thereto. This prohibition includes any substance,
compound, mixture, or article that in conjunction with any other substance
or compound would be dangerous from any of the foregoing standpoints.
At the discretion of the Park and Recreation Commission, firework
displays may be allowed. The required permit shall be issued by the
Harrison Township Fire Official after proper application has been
made to the Bureau of Fire Prevention.
D.
Permit an animal to occupy a park or recreation area.
Notwithstanding the prohibition set forth herein, dogs are permitted
at Ella Harris Park and William Wilt Soccer Complex pursuant to the
following requirements:
(1)
No
dog shall run at large.
(2)
All
dogs shall be restrained by a leash no greater than six feet in length.
(3)
Every
dog shall possess a valid license tag.
(4)
Every
person possessing a dog is required to immediately pick up and dispose
of the dog’s waste.
(5)
Potentially
dangerous dogs or vicious dogs as defined by N.J.S.A. 4:19-22 and
4:19-23 are prohibited.
E.
Occupy any seat or bench, or remain in any pavilion
or any other park structure or section thereof which may be reserved
and designated by the Park and Recreation Commission.
F.
Appear at any place in other than proper clothing.
G.
Solicit donations or contributions for any purpose,
whether public or private, except nonprofit organizations raising
funds dedicated to and for improvements to the Township’s parks
and recreation areas, after approval from the Township Committee.
H.
Build or attempt to build a fire except in such areas
and under such regulations as may be designated by the Park and Recreation
Commission. No person shall smoke or use tobacco in any form or drop,
throw, or otherwise scatter lighted matches, burning cigarettes or
cigars, tobacco paper or other inflammable material within any park.
I.
Enter an area posted as "Closed to the Public," nor
shall any person use or abet in the use of any area in violation of
posted notices.
J.
Gamble or participate in or abet any game of chance
except in such areas and under such regulations as may be designated
by the Park and Recreation Commission.
K.
Sleep or protractedly lounge on the seats or benches
or other areas or engage in loud, boisterous, threatening, abusive,
insulting or indecent language or engage in any disorderly conduct
or behavior tending to breach the public peace.
L.
Fail to produce and exhibit any permit from the Park
and Recreation Commission he claims to have upon request of any authorized
person who shall desire to inspect the same for the purpose of enforcing
compliance with any ordinance or rule.
M.
Disturb or interfere unreasonably with any person
or party occupying any area or participating in any activity under
the authority of a permit.
N.
Expose or offer for sale any article or thing, nor
shall he station or place any stand, cart, or vehicle for the transportation,
sale or display of any such article or thing. Exception is here made
as to any regularly licensed concessionaire acting by and under the
authority and regulation of the Park and Recreation Commission.
O.
Paste, glue, tack or otherwise post any sign, placard,
advertisement or inscription whatever, nor shall any person erect
or cause to be erected any sign whatever on any public lands or highways
or roads adjacent to a park.
[1]
Editor's Note: Former § 149-3, Nonresidents,
added 9-4-1990 by Ord. No. 28-1990, was repealed 12-16-2002 by Ord.
No. 42-2002.
A.
Except for unusual and unforeseen emergencies, parks
shall be open to the public every day of the year during the designated
hours. The opening and closing hours for each individual park shall
be posted therein for public information and shall be determined from
time to time by resolution of the Park and Recreation Commission.
B.
Any section or part of any park may be declared closed
to the public by the Park and Recreation Commission at any time and
for any interval of time, either temporarily or at regular and stated
intervals (daily or otherwise) and either entirely or merely for certain
uses, as the Park and Recreation Commission shall find reasonably
necessary.
Permits for special events in parks shall be
obtained by application to the Park and Recreation Commission in accordance
with the following procedure:
A.
A person seeking issuance of a permit hereunder shall
file an application with the Park and Recreation Commission stating:
(1)
The name and address of the applicant.
(2)
The name and address of the person, persons, corporation
or association sponsoring the activity; if any.
(3)
The day and hours for which the permit is desired.
(4)
The park or portion thereof for which such permit
is desired.
(5)
Any other information which the Park and Recreation
Commission shall find reasonably necessary to a fair determination
as to whether a permit should be issued hereunder.
B.
Standards for issuance of a use permit by the Park
and Recreation Commission shall include the following findings:
(1)
That the proposed activity or use of the park will
not reasonably interfere with or detract from the general public enjoyment
of the park.
(2)
That the proposed activity and use will not reasonably
interfere with or detract from the promotion of public health, welfare,
safety and recreation.
(3)
That the proposed activity or uses that are reasonably
anticipated will not include violence, crime or disorderly conduct.
(4)
That the proposed activity will not entail extraordinary
or burdensome expense or police operation by the Township.
(5)
That the facilities desired have not been reserved
for other use at the date and hour requested in the application.
C.
Appeal.
(1)
Within five days after the receipt of an application,
the Park and Recreation Commission shall apprise an applicant in writing
of its reasons for refusing a permit, and any aggrieved person shall
have the right to appeal to the Township Committee by serving written
notice thereof on the Township Clerk within five days of said refusal.
(2)
A copy of said notice shall also be served on the Park and Recreation Commission within the same time, and said Commission shall immediately forward the application and the reasons for its refusal to the Township Committee which shall consider the application under the standards set forth under Subsection B hereof and sustain or overrule the Park and Recreation Commission's decision within 10 days from the receipt of the appeal by the Township Clerk. The decision of the Township Committee shall be final.
D.
A permittee shall be bound by all park rules and regulations
and all applicable ordinances fully as though the same were inserted
in said permits.
E.
The person or persons to whom the permit is issued
shall be liable for all loss, damage, or injury sustained by any person
whatever by reason of the negligence of the person or persons to whom
such permit shall have been issued. The Park and Recreation Commission
shall have the right to require any permittee to submit evidence of
liability insurance covering injuries to members of the general public
arising out of such permitted activities in such amounts as may be
from time to time determined by the Commission prior to the commencement
of any activity or issuance of any permit.
F.
The Park and Recreation Commission shall have the
authority to revoke a permit upon a finding of violation of any rule
or ordinance, or upon good cause shown.
G.
The following fees shall be charged for use of the pavilion or gazebo
located at Ellis Harris Park:
[Added 3-20-2017 by Ord.
No. 10-2017; amended 2-7-2022 by Ord. No. 02-2022]
|
Harrison Township Residents
(flat fee for 4-hour block)
|
Non-Township Residents
(flat fee for 4-hour block)
| ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Gazebo
|
$20
|
$40
|
A.
The Park and Recreation Commission and park attendants
shall, in connection with their duties imposed by law, diligently
enforce the provisions of this chapter.
B.
The Park and Recreation Commission and any park attendant
shall have the authority to eject from the park area any person or
persons acting in violation of this chapter.
C.
The Park and Recreation Commission and any park attendant
shall have the authority to seize and confiscate any property, thing,
or device in the park, or used, in violation of this chapter.
D.
This chapter shall also be enforced by the Police
Department of the Township.
No owner or driver shall cause or permit his
vehicle to stand outside of designated parking spaces, except for
a reasonable time to take up or discharge passengers or equipment.
No motor vehicle shall be parked in said park areas from 1/2 hour
after sunset until sunrise, except as otherwise permitted.
This chapter is in addition to and not in derogation
of any other ordinance involving or affecting any of the subject matters
contained in this chapter.
[Amended 12-6-2004 by Ord. No. 40-2004]
Any person violating any of the provisions of
this chapter or any rule or regulation promulgated pursuant hereto
shall, upon conviction, be subject to the replacement, repair or restoration
of any damaged park property and shall be subject to a fine not exceeding
$1,250, imprisonment for a term not exceeding 90 days or a period
of community service not exceeding 90 days.
[Adopted 8-6-2012 by Ord. No. 35-2012]
This article embodies the policies and procedures which govern
recreation facility use and users in order to ensure proper care and
maintenance of athletic fields and other recreational facilities owned
by the Township of Harrison, and by the Harrison Township Board of
Education, and to assure fair and efficient access to those facilities.
The primary use of municipal recreation areas and facilities is for
public recreation and athletic activities. Municipal facilities may
be made available for such activities if not in conflict with repair,
rehabilitation or maintenance of the fields or facility. Factors to
be considered in determining permission for use, as well as permission
for type of use, are current capital improvements or rehabilitation,
regular maintenance, extent of wear and tear to be caused by current
or proposed use, coordination of uses, efficient scheduling, location
of facility, and availability of services at a particular facility.
All facility users shall comply with all applicable federal, state
and local laws; such user shall pay all the costs, expenses, fines,
penalties and damages which may be imposed by the municipality by
reason of, or arising out of, the user's failure to fully and promptly
comply with all legal requirements, and observe all the provisions
of this policy.
A.
The outdoor athletic fields and outdoor recreational facilities within
the Township of Harrison are listed according to ownership as follows:
(1)
Board of Education and Township athletic fields and recreational
facilities.
|
School
|
Field/Facility
| |
|---|---|---|
|
Pleasant Valley School
|
All-purpose fields
Football field
|
(2)
Township recreation areas.
|
Locations
|
Field/Facility
| |
|---|---|---|
|
Ella Harris Park
|
Baseball fields
Tennis courts
All-purpose fields
| |
|
William Wilt Soccer Complex
|
Soccer fields
|
B.
This policy also applies to other fields/facilities not listed above,
now and in the future.
A.
Permits for field/facility use are issued by category (and in priority
order) in which the organization or event is placed. Category 1 user/event
has priority over Category II, III and IV user/event. Permits must
be available for review at time of field use.
(1)
Category I permit/use.
(a)
Recreation Commission or Township Committee directly sponsored
activities: These activities include all athletic and nonathletic
program offerings and special events.
(2)
Category II permit/use.
(a)
Harrison Township teams in established leagues or clubs: These
teams are associated with organizations that have been established
to serve the recreational and/or athletic interest of the participants.
A minimum of 90% of the participants must be residents of Harrison
Township. All permits will be issued through the Harrison Township
Recreation Commission after approval by the Parks and Open Space Advisory
Committee. A written roster, proof of insurance and a hold-harmless
agreement must be submitted at the time of application to the issuing
entity. All written rosters must include the name and address of each
player and coach. No permits will be issued unless this criterion
is met. Independent organizations that have used the facility during
a prior year shall have priority over an applicant who has not used
the facility in a prior year as long as the organization continues
to meet the criterion set forth above.
(3)
Category III permit/use.
(a)
Township group field requests: These groups are made up of residents
of Harrison Township, the Clearview Regional sending district, or
businesses located in Harrison Township who request the use of facilities
on an occasional basis when space is available. A minimum of 90% of
the group must reside or work full-time in Harrison Township or Clearview
Regional sending district. A written roster, proof of insurance and
hold-harmless agreement must be submitted at the time of application
to the issuing entity. All written rosters must include the name and
address of each player and coach. No permits will be issued unless
this criterion is met. In the event more than one group makes application
for the use of the field facilities for the same date(s) or season,
then the group with the largest percentage of participants meeting
the criteria for a Category III user shall have priority. All permits
will be issued through the Harrison Township Recreation Commission
after approval by the Parks and Open Space Advisory Committee.
(4)
Category IV permit/use.
(a)
Group and privately operated programs field requests: These
groups are made up of persons consisting of a group that is less than
90% of Harrison Township residents, or do not work full-time in Harrison
Township. A written roster, proof of insurance and hold harmless agreement
must be submitted at the time of application to the issuing entity.
All written rosters must include the name and address of each player
and coach. No permits will be issued unless this criterion is met.
All permits will be issued through the Harrison Township Recreation
Commission after approval by the Parks and Open Space Advisory Committee.
B.
All Category II, III and IV permits will bear the notice that a program
carried on by a Category I organization can claim priority in unusual
circumstances. The Parks and Open Space Advisory Committee reserves
the right to request written copies of all team rosters, complete
with names, addresses, phone numbers, and/or places of employment
or business.
A.
The fields/facilities use a schedule created by the Recreation Commission,
after approval and adoption by the Parks and Open Space Advisory Committee,
that will establish the opening and closing dates for field/facilities
use, as well as the period of time affected by that schedule. The
schedule will serve as a permit for use of the facility named. Responsible
officials within the Township (police, emergency services, Public
Works Department, and others) and within the BOE (building principals,
custodial staff, and others) will receive a copy of the fields/facilities
schedule.
B.
The fields/facilities schedule will be divided as follows: week days
(a.m./p.m.), Saturdays (a.m./p.m.) and Sundays (a.m./p.m.). The schedule
may be further subdivided if desired to accommodate needs, and no
group shall reserve more time than necessary for a function or event.
Special note will be made of time slot variations due to special events
(tournaments, town events, Harrison Township Day and other Township/school
events are examples).
C.
Communication is the key to efficient maximization of use of scarce
recreational facilities. Consistent with that goal, any assigned user
must notify the Recreation Director, or the Director's designee, of
expected nonuse of a particular facility, at a particular time. Every
effort should be made to do so at least seven calendar days in advance.
This nonuse policy does not apply to weather cancellations. If a team
or group does not use a facility on their scheduled date/time on two
occasions in the same season, the Recreation Commission may deny the
team or group's application the following year.
D.
Notes concerning scheduling.
(1)
Priority of assignment is made based upon the categories established
above. Priority is given within a particular sport's designated season.
In-season sports have equal status to each other; out-of-season sports
have equal status to each other. Recognizing that most sports have
some program on more than an in-season basis, consideration should
be made to accommodate the out-of-season sport's minimum necessary
allocation for games as a first priority and practices as a second
priority. Assignment of particular fields will be done with an effort
towards accommodating such use rather than simply on a preference
basis; efficient, coordinated use is the goal.
(2)
Game delays. Youth sports activities are often subject to delays
due to late-arriving opponents and/or officials, or emergencies. In
such cases, use may extend beyond the normal time. Likewise, overtime
and extra innings can require additional time. Other users take their
starting time subject to the previous team's right to complete their
games and with the knowledge that termination of the activity is not
solely within the control of the representative. However, practices
may not delay the start of the next user session.
(3)
Makeup schedule. Under unusual circumstances, the Recreation Commission,
after consultation with a member of the Parks and Open Space Advisory
Committee., has the right to bump a previously scheduled activity,
provided at least 12 hours' notice is given to the assigned user at
the original site. Every effort should be made to limit such late
rescheduling.
E.
Field closings due to weather.* All users of athletic fields are
subject to the determination of field playing conditions on a daily
basis. Determination is made on weekdays at 2:30 p.m. and on weekends
by 10:00 a.m. by the leadership of the organization/team scheduled
to use the field. However, the Township's Public Works Superintendent
and/or a member of the Parks and Open Space Advisory Committee may
determine to close a field if the conditions are such that they may
be potentially harmful to the participants and/or the fields. The
decision of the Township's Public Works Superintendent and/or a member
of the Parks and Open Space Advisory Committee is final. Generally,
all users are subject to the same standard for closure. Nevertheless,
determination will be made on a field-by-field basis, as well as a
user-by-user basis where conditions are such that some fields may
be playable while others are not, and some users may do less damage
by use than others.
|
*NOTE: Any failure to follow the decisions made will result
in forfeiture of the offending organization's/team's remaining permit
use without refund.
|
F.
Special events. The Township of Harrison is known to sponsor special
events such as sport tournaments, Harrison Township Day, including
parade and fireworks, summer movies and many others. Every effort
will be made to accommodate events that may coincide with Harrison
Township special events. Exceptions can only be granted by the Recreation
Commission, after review and approval by the Parks and Open Space
Advisory Committee.
[Amended 10-15-2018 by Ord. No. 34-2018]
A.
Use of any active recreation area by a group of more than six participants
playing on the same field is authorized by permit only. Permits must
be available for review at the time of facility/field use.
B.
Athletic fields/facilities may not be used before 8:00 a.m. or after
dusk, except where lights are utilized. The Township has a 9:00 p.m.
lights-out time for all outdoor facilities. Practices and games should
be scheduled to end before this time with the lights to be turned
off as soon as the players and spectators leave the field.
C.
Each organization/team is required to supply its own equipment and
improvements to accommodate the needs of its event. No organization/team
is permitted to utilize the equipment or improvements of another organization/team
utilizing the same field/facility without its written permission.
D.
All trash must be placed in proper receptacles. Users are expected
to leave the facility in the same condition in which it was found,
or better.
E.
Concession sales are by separate permit only in compliance with all
Township ordinances.
F.
Warm-ups for the next scheduled event must be performed so as not
to interfere with an existing event and so as not to endanger the
welfare of all participants, spectators and facilities.
G.
All managers, coaches, or persons in charge of a group using the
fields will be responsible for the conduct of all participants, spectators
and others connected with the activity, including visiting teams and
opponents.
H.
Each organization/team is required to maintain strict compliance
with the Protecting Young Victims From Sexual Abuse and Safe Sport
Authorization Act of 2017.
Any proposed changes to fields or parks should be submitted
to the Parks and Open Space Advisory Committee to consider impact
upon facility use. Those requested changes, along with a recommendation
by the Parks and Open Space Advisory Committee, will be forwarded
to the Township Committee for consideration. This would include the
development of active recreation areas from property not currently
used for that purpose. It may include the installation of fields,
fences, structures, scoreboards, permanent stands and permanent lighting.
It would not include the replacement of any current structure (an
old backstop with a new one of roughly the same size) or the repair
or replacement of existing fencing. Those matters will be the responsibility
of the Parks and Open Space Advisory Committee. The placement location
of all movable items (portable stands, soccer goals, batting cages,
blocking sleds, temporary fencing, etc) will be the responsibility
of the league, organization or club using the facility.
A.
See permit fee schedule attached hereto.[1]
[1]
Editor's Note: The athletic and recreation fields permit fee schedule is included at the end of this chapter.
B.
Events/games which will utilize facility lighting will require additional
fees to any other permit fees.
C.
Any Category III or IV organization which has expended funds for
capital improvements and/or the maintenance and upkeep of a field/facility
shall be provided with a credit towards permit fees for the subsequent
season. The amount of credit for subsequent permit fees shall be determined
in the sole discretion by the Parks and Open Space Advisory Committee.
A.
Any person, entity or corporation who or which violates any provision
of this article shall, upon conviction thereof, be punishable by one
or more of the following:
B.
Each day that a violation exists, occurs or continues shall constitute
a separate offense for the purpose of imposing the penalties referred
to above.
C.
Any person who is convicted of violating this article within one
year of the date of a previous violation of the same article and who
was fined for the previous violation, shall be sentenced by the court
to an additional fine as a repeat offender. The additional fine imposed
by the court upon a person for a repeated offense shall not be less
than the minimum or exceed the maximum fine fixed for a violation
of the article, but shall be calculated separately from the fine imposed
for the violation of the article.
