[1]
Editor's Note: State law reference - Flammable
and combustible liquids, G.L. 1956, § 23-28.22-1 et seq.
The following words, terms and phrases, when
used in this article, shall have the meanings ascribed to them in
this section, except where the context clearly indicates a different
meaning:
The boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 14.7 psi.
Where an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material in
question, or for mixtures which do not have a constant boiling point,
for purposes of this classification the initial point of a distillation
as determined by applicable test procedures and apparatus specified
ASTM D-86, Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products,
1962 edition, may be accepted in lieu of the boiling point of the
liquid.
Any liquid having a flash point at or above 140º F.
and below 200º F., and shall be known as Class III liquids.
Any liquid having a flash point below 140º F. and having
a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (absolute)
at 100º F. Flammable liquids shall be divided into two classes
of liquids as follows:
Class I liquids shall include those having flash
points below 100º F. and may be subdivided as follows:
Class IA shall include those having flash points
below 73º F. and having a boiling point below 100º F.
Class IB shall include those having flash points
below 73º F. and having a boiling point at or above 100º
F.
Class IC shall include those having flash points
at or above 73º F. and below 100º F.
Class II liquids shall include those having
flash points at or above 100º F. and below 140º F.
The minimum temperature at which it gives off vapor sufficient
to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of the
liquid or within the vessel used as determined by applicable test
procedures and apparatus as follows:
Except for fuel oils and certain viscous materials,
the flash point of a liquid having a flash point at or below 175º
F. shall be determined in accordance with the applicable provisions
of ASTM D-56, Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Tag Closed
Tester, 1961 edition.
Except for fuel oils, the flash point of liquids
having a flash point above 175º F. shall be determined in accordance
with the applicable provisions of ASTM D-92, Standard Method of Test
for Flash Point by the Cleveland Open Cup Tester, 1957 edition.
The flash point of fuel oils and certain viscous
materials having a flash point at or below 175º F. shall be determined
in accordance with the applicable provisions of ASTM D-93, Standard
Method of Test for Flash Point by the Pensky-Martens Closed Tester,
1962 edition.
When not otherwise identified, both flammable and combustible
liquids.
Any liquid which will vigorously and energetically react,
is potentially explosive, will polymerize, decompose instantaneously,
undergo uncontrollable autoreaction or can be exploded by heat, shock,
pressure or combinations thereof. Examples are organic peroxides and
nitromethane.
The pressure, measured in pounds per square inch (absolute)
exerted by a volatile liquid, as determined by applicable test procedures
and apparatus specified in ASTM D323, Standard Method of Test for
Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method), 1958 edition.
This article shall apply to liquids with a flash point below 200º F.; and to liquids with flash points above 200º F., which when heated assume the characteristics of liquids with flash points below 200º F., except as provided in § 198-9B.
A permit shall be obtained for any of the following:
A.Â
Storage, handling, or use of Class IA and Class IB
liquids in excess of one gallon in a dwelling or other place of human
habitation; or in excess of six gallons in any other building or other
occupancy; or in excess of 10 gallons outside of any building; except
that no permit shall be required for the following:
(1)Â
For the storage or use of flammable or combustible
liquids in the fuel tank of a motor vehicle, aircraft, motorboat,
mobile power plant or mobile heating plant; or
(2)Â
For the storage or use of paints, oils, varnishes
or similar flammable mixtures when such liquids are stored for maintenance,
painting or similar purposes for a period of not more than 30 days;
B.Â
Storage, handling or use of Class II or Class III
liquids in excess of 25 gallons in a building or in excess of 60 gallons
outside of a building, except for fuel oil used in connection with
oil-burning equipment;
C.Â
For the manufacturing, processing, blending or refining
of flammable or combustible liquids; or
D.Â
For the storage of flammable or combustible liquids
in stationary tanks.
A.Â
Materials.
(2)Â
Tanks may be built of noncombustible materials other
than steel if required by the properties of the flammable or combustible
liquid stored.
(3)Â
Tanks built of materials other than steel shall be
designed to specifications embodying principles recognized as good
engineering design for the material used and shall be approved by
the Chief of the Fire Department.
(4)Â
Unlined concrete tanks may be used for storing flammable
or combustible liquids having a gravity of 40º API or heavier.
Concrete tanks with special lining may be used for other services
providing the design is in accordance with sound engineering practice.
(5)Â
Tanks may have combustible or noncombustible linings.
(6)Â
Special engineering consideration shall be required
if specific gravity of the liquid to be stored exceeds that of water
or if the tanks are designed to contain flammable or combustible liquids
at a liquid temperature below 0º F.
B.Â
Fabrication.
(1)Â
Tanks may be of any shape or type consistent with
sound engineering design.
(2)Â
Metal tanks shall be welded, riveted and caulked,
brazed, bolted or constructed by use of a combination of these methods.
Filler metal used in brazing shall be nonferrous metal or any alloy
having a melting point above 1,000º F., and below that of the
metal joined.
D.Â
Low pressure tanks. The normal operating pressure
of the tank shall not exceed the design pressure of the tank. Atmospheric
tanks built according to Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., standards
may be used for operating pressures not exceeding one psig and shall
be limited to 2.5 psig under emergency venting conditions. Pressure
vessels may be used as low pressure tanks.
E.Â
Pressure vessels. The normal operating pressure of
the vessel shall not exceed the design pressure of the vessel.
A.Â
Restricted locations. The storage of Class I liquids
in aboveground tanks outside of buildings is prohibited within the
limits established by law as the limits of the districts in which
such storage is to be prohibited.
B.Â
Location with respect to property lines.
(1)Â
Every aboveground tank for the storage of flammable
or combustible liquids, except those liquids with boil-over characteristics
and unstable liquids, operating at pressures not in excess of 2.5
psig and equipped with emergency venting which will not permit pressures
to exceed 2.5 psig shall be located in accordance with Table 198-47B(1).[1]
[1]
Editor's Note: Said table is included at the end of this chapter.
(2)Â
Every aboveground tank for the storage of flammable
or combustible liquids, except those liquids with boil-over characteristics
and unstable liquids, operating at pressures exceeding 2.5 psig or
equipped with emergency venting which will permit pressure to exceed
2.5 psig shall be located in accordance with Table 198-47B(2).[2] NOTE: Special considerations may be given to tanks with
automatic depressuring systems.
[2]
Editor's Note: Said table is included at the end of this chapter.
(3)Â
Every aboveground tank for the storage of unstable
liquids shall be located in accordance with Table 198-47B(3),[3] except that unstable liquids that are unstable (reactive) chemicals such as organic peroxides and nitromethane shall in addition to complying with the applicable provisions of this Article VI shall comply with § 198-72A through C as applicable.
[3]
Editor's Note: Said table is included at the end of this chapter.
(4)Â
Reference table for minimum distance used in Tables
198-47B(1) through 198-47B(3) inclusive shall be as follows:
|
Table 198-47B(4)
| |
---|---|---|
Capacity
Tank Gallons
|
Minimum Distance to Feet from Property
Line Which May be Built Upon, Including the Opposite Side of a Public
Way
|
Minimum Distance in Feet from Nearest
Side of Any Public Way
|
275 or less
|
5
|
5
|
276 to 750
|
10
|
5
|
751 to 12,000
|
15
|
5
|
12,001 to 30,000
|
20
|
5
|
30,001 to 50,000
|
30
|
10
|
50,001 to 100,000
|
50
|
15
|
100,001 to 500,000
|
80
|
25
|
500,001 to 1,000,000
|
100
|
35
|
1,000,001 to 2,000,000
|
135
|
35
|
2,000,001 to 3,000,000
|
165
|
55
|
3,000,001 or more
|
175
|
60
|
(6)Â
Where end failure of horizontal pressure tanks and
vessels may expose property, the tank shall be placed with the longitudinal
axis parallel to the nearest important exposure.
C.Â
Spacing (shell-to-shell) between aboveground tanks.
(1)Â
The distance between any two flammable or combustible
liquid storage tanks shall not be less than three feet.
(2)Â
Except as provided in Subsection C(3), the distance between adjacent tanks shall not be less than 1/6 the sum of their diameters; except, when the diameter of one tank is less than 1/2 the diameter of the adjacent tank, the distance between the two tanks shall not be less than 1/2 the diameter of the smaller tank.
(3)Â
For unstable liquids, the distance between such tanks
shall be not less than 1/2 the sum of their diameters.
D.Â
Drainage, dikes and walls for aboveground tanks.
(2)Â
Drainage. A slope of not less than 1% away from the
tank toward the drainage system shall be provided. The drainage system
shall terminate in vacant land or other area or in an impounding basin
having a capacity not smaller than that of the largest tank served.
(3)Â
Diked areas.
(a)Â
The volumetric capacity of the diked area shall
not be less than the greatest amount of liquid that can be released
from the largest tank within the diked area, assuming a full tank.
The capacity of the diked area enclosing more than one tank shall
be calculated by deducting the volume of the tanks other than the
largest tank below the height of the dike.
(b)Â
Walls of the diked are shall be of earth, steel,
concrete or solid masonry designed to be liquid tight and to withstand
a full hydrostatic head. Earthen walls three feet or more in height
shall have a flat section at the top not less than two feet wide.
The walls of the diked area shall be restricted to an average height
of six feet above interior grade.
(c)Â
Each diked area containing two or more tanks
shall be subdivided preferably by drainage channels or at least by
intermediate curbs in order to prevent spills from endangering adjacent
tanks within the diked areas as follows:
[1]Â
When storing normally stable liquids in vertical
cone roof tanks constructed with weak roof-to-shell seam or approved
floating roof tanks, one sub division for each tank in excess of 10,000
barrels and one subdivision for each group of tanks (no tank exceeding
10,000 barrels' capacity) having an aggregate capacity not exceeding
15,000 barrels.
[2]Â
When storing normally stable liquids in tanks not covered in Subsection D(3)(c)[1], one subdivision for each tank in excess of 100,000 gallons (2,500 barrels) and one subdivision for each group of tanks (no tank exceeding 100,000 gallons' capacity) having an aggregated capacity not exceeding 150,000 gallons (3,570 barrels).
[3]Â
When storing unstable liquids in any type of
tank, one subdivision for each tank except for tanks installed with
approved drainage.
[4]Â
The drainage channels or intermediate curbs
shall be located between tanks so as to take full advantage of the
available space with due regard for the individual tank capacities.
Intermediate curbs, where used, shall not be less than 18 inches in
height.
E.Â
Testing. All tanks, whether shop-built or field-erected,
shall be strength tested before they are placed in service. The American
Society of Mechanical Engineers code stamp, API monogram or the label
of the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., on a tank shall be evidence
of compliance with this strength test.
A container shall not exceed 60 gallons' individual
capacity and shall be made of metal except that:
A.Â
Plastic or glass containers having an individual capacity
of not more than one pint may be used for flammable and combustible
liquids.
B.Â
Plastic or glass containers having an individual capacity
of not more than one gallon may be used for medicines, beverages,
foodstuff and toiletries that are flammable or combustible liquids.
C.Â
Plastic or glass containers having an individual capacity
of not more than one gallon may be used for flammable and combustible
liquids whose chemical purity would be contaminated by metal containers.
A.Â
Applicability. This section shall apply to the storage
of flammable or combustible liquids in drums or other portable closed
containers not exceeding 60 gallons individual capacity inside buildings.
This section shall not apply to the storage of closed containers in
bulk plants, service stations, refineries, chemical plants and distilleries,
nor shall this section apply to areas where containers are opened
for dispensing, mixing or handling.
B.Â
Inside storage rooms: construction. Inside storage
rooms shall comply with the following general construction requirements:
Walls, floors and ceilings shall be of noncombustible material having
a fire-resistance rating of not less than one hour. Openings to other
rooms or buildings shall be provided with noncombustible liquid-tight
sills or ramps at least six inches in height and with approved fire
doors arranged to close doors automatically in case of fire. A permissible
alternate to either sills and ramps is open trenches covered with
steel grating which drain to a safe location. Where other portions
of the building or other properties are exposed, windows shall be
protected in an approved manner. Wood at least one inch nominal thickness
may be used for shelving, racks, dunnage, scruffboards, floor overlays
and similar installations. Proper ventilation shall be provided. Heating
shall be restricted to low pressure steam or hot water or to electric
units. Electrical wiring and equipment located in inside storage rooms
using Class I liquids shall be approved for Class I, Division 1 hazardous
locations; Class II and Class III liquids shall be approved for general
use.
C.Â
D.Â
Same: fire resistance. The quantity of flammable or combustible liquid in an inside storage room may be increased to that permitted by this subsection, provided the construction is as provided in Subsection B, but with walls, floors and ceiling of noncombustible material having a fire resistance rating of not less than two hours.
E.Â
Storage cabinets. Storage cabinets may be used where
it is desired to keep more than 10 gallons of flammable or combustible
liquids inside buildings. No individual container shall exceed five
gallons capacity and not over 50 gallons shall be stored in any one
cabinet.
F.Â
Exits; stairways. Flammable or combustible liquids
shall not be stored (including stock for sale) near exits, stairways
or areas normally used for the safe egress of people.
G.Â
Closed containers. The storage of flammable or combustible
liquids in closed containers shall comply with the following occupancy
schedule, except that the Chief of the Fire Department may impose
a quantity limitation or require greater protection where, in his
opinion, unusual hazard to life or property is involved, or he may
authorize an increase of these amounts where the type of construction,
fire protection provided or other factors substantially reduce the
hazard.
H.Â
Dwellings and apartment houses containing not more
than three dwelling units and accompanying attached or detached garages.
Storage other than fuel oil for oil burner service, shall be prohibited,
except that which is required for maintenance or equipment operation
which shall not exceed 10 gallons. Such flammable or combustible liquid
shall be stored in metal closed containers or safety cans.
I.Â
Assembly and business occupancies, apartment houses
containing more than three dwelling units and hotels. Storage other
than fuel oil for oil burner service shall be prohibited, except that
which is required for maintenance and operation of building and operation
of equipment. Such storage shall be kept in closed metal containers
stored in a storage cabinet or in safety cans or in an inside storage
room not having a door that opens into that portion of the building
used by the public.
J.Â
Educational and institutional occupancies. Storage
other than fuel oil for oil burner service shall be limited to that
required for maintenance, demonstration, treatment and laboratory
work. Flammable or combustible liquids in the laboratories and at
other points of use shall be in containers not larger than one quart
or in safety cans or in storage cabinets.
K.Â
Mercantile occupancies. In rooms or areas accessible to the public, storage shall be in closed containers and limited to quantities needed for display and normal merchandising purposes. Where the aggregate quantity of additional stock exceeds 50 gallons. It shall be stored in rooms or portions of buildings that comply with the construction provisions of Subsection B.
L.Â
General purpose and public warehouses. Storage shall
be in accordance with Table 198-49[1] in fire-resistive buildings or in portions of fire-resistive
buildings cut off by standard fire walls from combustible materials
other than liquids except as may be required by other portions of
this Part 1. Noncombustible material, creating no hazard to the flammable
or combustible liquids, may be stored in the same area as the liquids.
[1]
Editor's Note: Said table is included at the end of this chapter.
M.Â
Flammable or combustible liquid warehouses or storage
buildings. Storage shall be in accordance with Table 198-49. Storage
buildings shall be of fire resistive or noncombustible material. If
the storage building is located 30 to 50 feet from a building or line
of adjoining property that may be built upon, the exposing wall shall
be a noncombustible blank wall having a fire resistance rating of
not less than two hours. If the storage building is located 10 to
30 feet from a building or line of adjoining property that may be
built upon, the exposing wall shall be a blank wall having a fire
resistance rating of not less than three hours. If the storage building
is less than 10 feet from the line of adjoining property that can
be built upon, the exposing wall shall be a blank wall having a fire
resistance rating of not less than four hours. In particular installations
the distances between the storage building and other buildings may
be altered at the discretion of the Chief of the Fire Department after
consideration of the height, size and character of construction and
occupancy of the exposed buildings. At the discretion of the Chief
of the Fire Department approved Class A fire doors may be installed
in an approved manner on the otherwise blank walls.
A.Â
This section shall apply to the storage of flammable
or combustible liquids in drums or other portable closed containers
not exceeding 60 gallons' individual capacity outside of buildings
in areas used solely for such storage. This section shall not apply
to storage of flammable or combustible liquids in drums or portable
closed containers in bulk plants, service stations and refineries.
B.Â
Drums shall not be stored outside on building platforms
or between buildings, or in locations adjacent thereto, in such a
manner that they would contribute to the spread of fire.
C.Â
Storage of over 100 drums of Class I liquids shall
be limited to groups of 100 drums, located at least 60 feet from the
nearest building or line of adjoining property that may be built upon,
and each group shall be separated by at least 40 feet. Storage of
over 300 drums of Class II or Class III liquids shall be limited to
groups of 300 drums located at least 50 feet from nearest building
or line of adjoining property that may be built upon, and each group
shall be separated by at least 30 feet. These distances may be reduced
50% if sprinklers and drainage away from exposures are provided. In
particular installations the distances to buildings may be altered
at the discretion of the Chief of the Fire Department after consideration
of the height, size and character of construction and occupancy of
the exposed buildings.
A.Â
Location, generally. Dispensing devices at automotive
service stations shall be so located that all parts of the vehicle
being served will be on the premises of the service station.
B.Â
Same, inside garages. Approved dispensing units may
be located inside garages upon specific approval of the Chief of the
Fire Department. The dispensing area shall be separated from motor
vehicle repair areas in a manner approved by the Chief of the Fire
Department. The dispensing unit and its piping shall be protected
against physical damage from vehicles either by mounting on a concrete
island or by equivalent means and shall be located in a position where
it cannot be struck by a vehicle descending a ramp or other slope
out of control. The dispensing area shall be provided with an approval
mechanical or gravity ventilation system. A clearly identified switch,
readily accessible in case of fire or physical damage to any dispensing
unit, shall be provided to shut off the power to dispensing units.
When dispensing units are located below grade, only approved mechanical
ventilation shall be used and the entire dispensing area shall be
protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system. The ventilating
system shall be electrically interlocked with the gasoline dispensing
units so that the dispensing units cannot be operated unless the ventilating
fan motors are energized.
C.Â
Dispensing units.
(1)Â
Class I liquids shall be transferred from underground
tanks by means of fixed pumps so designed and equipped as to allow
control of the flow and to prevent leakage or accidental discharge.
Class I liquids shall not be transferred from any storage tank by
any equipment or procedure which subjects the shell of the storage
tank to pressures above its allowable working pressure. Air or gas
pressure shall not be used for this purpose.
(2)Â
Supplemental means shall be provided outside of the
dispensing device whereby the source of power may be readily disconnected
in the event of fire or other accident.
(3)Â
Dispensing devices for Class I liquids shall be approved
type.
(4)Â
Class I liquids shall not be dispensed by pressure
from drums, barrels and similar containers. Approved pumps taking
suction through the top of the container or approved self-closing
faucets shall be used.
D.Â
Automatic dispensing units. The installation and use
of unattended coin-operated dispensing devices for Class I liquids
is prohibited.
E.Â
Delivery nozzles.
(1)Â
Manual nozzles. The dispensing of Class I liquids
into the fuel tank of a vehicle or into a container shall be under
the control of a competent attendant at all times. The use of any
device which permits the dispensing of Class I liquids when the hand
of the operator of the discharge nozzle is removed from the nozzle
control lever is hereby forbidden except when using an automatic nozzle
at an automotive service stations as provided in Subsection D(2).
(2)Â
Automatic nozzles with latch-open devices. In lieu
of being held open by hand, an automatic nozzle may be used for dispensing
Class I liquids into the fuel tank of a vehicle. Such a nozzle shall
have the latch-open device as an integral part of the assembly and
shall shut off the liquid reliably and positively when the gasoline
tank is filled, when it falls from the filling neck of an automobile
tank, when it is subject to rough usage such as dropping or lack of
proper lubrication or when an automobile is driven away while the
nozzle is still in the tank. A competent attendant shall be in the
immediate vicinity of the vehicle being filled by such an approved
nozzle.
F.Â
Dispensing containers. No delivery of any Class I
liquids shall be made into portable containers unless the container
has a tight closure with screwed or spring cover and is fitted with
a spout or so designed that the contents can be poured without spilling.