Applications for subdivision and/or land development shall be guided by the standards set forth hereinafter. It is intended that these standards be considered minimum requirements and may be modified as necessary to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public. All subdivision and/or land development plans submitted for approval under this chapter shall incorporate these standards.
The following requirements and guiding principles for subdivisions and land developments shall be observed with respect to the factors affecting the suitability of the site for such development:
A. 
Any subdivision and/or land development plan shall be coordinated with existing development patterns in the surrounding area such that the entire area may be developed harmoniously.
B. 
Land proposed for subdivision or land development shall not be developed or changed by grading, excavating, or by the removal or destruction of the natural topsoil, trees, or other vegetative cover unless provisions for minimizing erosion and sedimentation are provided as required by the erosion control regulations of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and the Adams County Conservation District.
C. 
In a subdivision and/or land development where the average slope exceeds 15%, the Borough may require modifications of the requirements of this article, as may be recommended by the Borough Engineer or the Adams County Conservation District, to the requirements contained herein.
D. 
In all subdivision and/or land developments, every precaution shall be taken to preserve natural and historic features deemed worthy of preservation by the Borough. Examples of such features include, but are not necessarily limited to, large trees, significant wooded areas, and historic areas and structures. To ensure the preservation and protection of such features, the Borough Council may require the following additional information to be submitted:
(1) 
A grading plan showing the existing and proposed ground elevations relative to the features.
(2) 
The accurate location of the features to be protected.
(3) 
A written explanation of the precautions to be taken by the developer to protect such features.
E. 
Any plans for the alteration of a watercourse shall be incorporated into the subdivision and/or land development plan and shall be subject to approval by the Borough and/or, where necessary, the United States Army Corps of Engineers and/or the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, as may be appropriate.
F. 
Land subject to hazards of life, health, or property as may arise from fire, floods, disease, excessive noise, odor, or considered uninhabitable for other reasons may not be developed unless the hazards have been removed or the plans provide adequate safeguards against said hazards.
All streets proposed to be constructed within the Borough shall conform to the following design requirements:
A. 
General standards.
(1) 
Streets shall be logically related to topography so as to produce reasonable grades, satisfactory drainage and suitable building sites. Finished elevation of proposed streets shall not be below the regulatory flood elevation.
(2) 
Residential streets shall be so laid out as to discourage through traffic and to encourage attractive and functional development. Proposed streets shall be planned with regard to the existing street system, topographical conditions, public convenience in terms of fire protection and pedestrian traffic, probable volumes of traffic, existing and proposed use of land on abutting properties and future extension of the street system. Proposed streets shall be designed in a manner that promotes street connectivity between development sites.
(3) 
When a development abuts or contains an existing or proposed arterial or collector street, as herein defined, the Borough may require an alley/service street, reverse frontage, or other treatment which will provide protection for abutting properties, reduction of the number of intersections, and separation of local from through traffic.
(4) 
No street shall terminate into a dead end. Any dead-end street providing access to adjoining property, or created because of authorized staged construction, shall be provided with an all-weather turnaround in accordance with applicable requirements of this chapter. The use of such turnaround shall be guaranteed to the public until such time as the street is continued.
(5) 
New private streets are prohibited, unless the Borough Council shall determine that the use of such private streets or rights-of-way is consistent with the intent of this chapter. In approving private streets or rights-of-way, the Borough may attach additional standards and/or conditions relating to design and/or construction. The use of private streets will not be permitted as a means to circumvent the specifications required for public streets. If permitted, new private streets shall comply with the following requirements:
(a) 
New private streets for residential subdivisions and land developments are prohibited. Private streets may be considered for nonresidential developments solely at the discretion of the Borough.
(b) 
In the event that private streets are permitted, such private streets shall strictly comply with all Borough design and construction standards, unless such modifications are permitted by the Borough. In addition, the developer shall be required to submit for approval, and record with the approved final plan, an agreement outlining the responsibilities for perpetual maintenance of such private streets. The agreement shall release the Borough of any liability regarding maintenance and acceptance of dedication. In addition, the Borough shall reserve the right to require improvement bonding, surety, and inspection in accordance with applicable procedures of this chapter.
(6) 
The proposed street system shall extend existing or recorded streets at the same width. However, no street may be extended at less than the required minimum width.
(7) 
The Borough shall reserve the right to require alternative design standards relative to cartway, horizontal curves, sight distance, and intersections design where it is deemed to be necessary to eliminate a potential safety hazard or to implement design goals as may be envisioned in this or other Littlestown Borough ordinances. Such alternative designs standards shall be approved by the Borough Engineer and be consistent with PennDOT and AASHTO standards.
(8) 
The Borough shall reserve the right to limit access to developments to a single access or multiple accesses, as may be required, in response to safety considerations.
(9) 
All streets shall be constructed in accordance with the most recent version of the Littlestown Borough construction and materials specifications for land development.
B. 
Street service and design criteria. The Littlestown Borough roadway network is deemed to include the following roadway classifications, and the following service and design criteria shall apply to the specific roadway and street classifications:
(1) 
Arterial streets.
(a) 
Arterial streets are designed to carry heavy volumes of traffic at high velocities. Arterial streets are designed to contain a minimum of intersections, thus allowing traffic to flow with considerable continuity.
(b) 
Arterial streets include those roadways intended to accommodate through traffic within the Borough.
(2) 
Collector streets.
(a) 
Collector streets are also designed to carry heavy volumes of traffic at relatively high velocities, although not the volumes or velocities attained on arterial streets.
(b) 
Collector streets are designed to move traffic from local neighborhoods to the higher volume arterial streets.
(3) 
Residential subcollector streets.
(a) 
A residential subcollector street provides the primary circulation route within either residential or nonresidential developments. Residential subcollector streets provide the connection between the local components of the development to the collector and arterial street system.
(b) 
A residential subcollector street carries neighborhood traffic, and provides limited lot frontage.
(c) 
Residential subcollector streets should be designed to have no residential lots directly fronting on them.
(d) 
Residential subcollector streets shall be laid out to discourage through traffic unless linkage between streets outside the subdivision is determined by the Borough to be desirable.
(4) 
Local residential streets.
(a) 
A local residential street is a frontage street which provides access to abutting properties and which conducts traffic from residential or nonresidential developments to residential subcollector streets or directly to collector streets.
(b) 
Each local residential street shall be designed so that no section of it will convey a traffic volume greater that 250 ADT. Each half of a loop street shall be regarded as a single minor street and the total traffic volume conveyed on a loop street shall not exceed 500 ADT.
(c) 
Local residential streets shall be designed to exclude all external through traffic which has neither origin nor destination on the local residential street or its tributary alleys/service streets.
(5) 
Residential culs-de-sac.
(a) 
Residential culs-de-sac are permitted to provide single street access to a limited number of abutting properties. Residential culs-de-sac shall only connect directly to residential subcollector streets or residential local streets.
(b) 
Residential cul-de-sac streets shall be designed to convey a maximum of 250 ADT.
(6) 
Alleys/service streets. Alleys/service streets may be used in higher-density residential, commercial, or mixed-use area to provide direct access to the rear of individual properties, specifically for purposes of providing off-street parking. The Borough may require the use of alleys/service streets to minimize the number of driveway and other intersections with the overall street network.
C. 
Street width.
(1) 
Minimum street right-of-way and cartway widths shall be as follows:
Street Type
Right-of-Way
(feet)
Cartway
(feet)
Arterial
As determined by the Borough after consultation with PennDOT
Collector
60
40 (See Diagrams Section)
Residential subcollector
60
40
Local residential
50
40
Residential culs-de-sac
50
34
Alley/service street
22
22
(2) 
Provision for additional street width (right-of-way, cartway, or both) may be required when determined to be necessary by the Borough Council in specific cases for:
(a) 
Public safety and convenience.
(b) 
Traffic in commercial and industrial areas and in areas of high-density development, particularly where the proposed commercial or industrial development is anticipated to involve higher volumes of large vehicle traffic.
(c) 
Widening of existing streets where the width or alignment does not meet the requirements of the preceding subsections.
(d) 
Where topographic conditions require excessive cuts and fills.
(3) 
Streets within residential developments shall be designed in accordance with the residential subcollector, local residential, and residential cul-de-sac standards. Streets within nonresidential developments shall be designed in accordance with the collector street standards.
D. 
Street grade.
(1) 
The grades of streets shall no be less than the minimum or more than the maximum requirements listed below:
Street Type
Minimum Grade
Maximum Grade
Arterial
As determined by the Borough Council after consultation with PennDOT
Collector
1.0%
7%
Residential subcollector, local residential, residential culs-de-sac, and alleys/service street
1.0%
10%
(See diagrams section)
(2) 
Vertical curves shall be used in changes of grade when the difference exceeds 1% and shall be designed for maximum visibility. The minimum length of vertical curves for residential subcollector, local residential, residential cul-de-sac, and alley/service streets shall be 35 times the algebraic difference in grade for crests and 25 times the algebraic difference for sags.
(3) 
With permission of the Borough, maximum grades for subcollector streets, local streets, culs-de-sac, and alleys may, under special topographic conditions, exceed the maximum grades established above for distances of less than 100 feet provided the grade does not in any case exceed 15%.
(4) 
All streets shall be designed to provide for the discharge of surface water from the cartway. The slope of the crown on a street shall not be less than 1/4 of an inch per foot and not more than 1/2 of an inch per foot. Adequate facilities shall be provided at low points along streets and other points necessary to intercept runoff.
E. 
Horizontal curves.
(1) 
Where connecting street lines deflect from each other at any point by more than 10°, the line shall be connected with a true, circular curve. The minimum radius of the center line for the curve shall be as follows:
Street Type
Minimum Radius
(feet)
Arterial
500
Collector
300
Residential subcollector
100
Local residential, residential culs-de-sac, and alleys/service street
50
(2) 
Straight portions of the street shall be tangent to the beginning or end of the curve. Except for residential subcollector streets, local residential streets, and alleys/service streets, there must be a tangent of at least 100 feet between reverse curves.
F. 
Street sight distance.
(1) 
Proper sight distance shall be provided with respect to both horizontal and vertical road alignments. The sight distance measured from the center line 3.5 feet above the grade shall be as follows:
Street Type
Sight Distance
(feet)
Arterial
400
Collector
200
Residential subcollector
100
Local residential, residential cul-de-sac, or alley/service street
75
(2) 
At all intersections involving arterial and collector streets, there shall be provided and maintained at all intersections a clear triangle with a line of sight between points 100 feet from the intersection of the street center lines. At all other intersections, there shall be provided and maintained a clear triangle with a line of sight between point 75 feet from the intersection of the street center lines, unless a higher distance is deemed necessary by the Borough for public safety. No building or other obstruction that would obscure the vision of a motorist shall be permitted within these areas.
G. 
Cul-de-sac streets. In addition to the service and design requirements established in Subsection B(5), cul-de-sac streets shall be designed in accordance with the following standards:
(1) 
Residential cul-de-sac streets shall be designed in accordance with the following standards:
(a) 
Residential cul-de-sac streets shall be a minimum of 250 feet in length and shall not exceed 500 feet in length.
(b) 
Residential cul-de-sac streets shall be provided with a paved turnaround area having a minimum radius, measured from the center of the turnaround to the outside edge of the paved surface of 40 feet.
(c) 
To reduce the amount of paving within the turnaround area, a landscaped island within the turnaround area shall be required with a radius, measured from the center of the turnaround to the inside edge of the paved surface of 24 feet.
(2) 
Cul-de-sac streets serving nonresidential uses shall be designed in accordance with the following standards:
(a) 
Residential cul-de-sac streets serving nonresidential uses shall be designed in accordance with collector street width, grade, sight distance, and other applicable requirements.
(b) 
Residential cul-de-sac streets serving nonresidential uses shall be a minimum of 250 feet in length and shall not exceed 1,000 feet in length.
(c) 
Residential cul-de-sac streets serving nonresidential uses shall be provided with a paved turnaround having a minimum radius, measured from the center of the turnaround to the outside edge of the paved surface, of 50 feet.
(d) 
To reduce the amount of paving within the turnaround area, the Borough may require a landscaped island within the turnaround area with a radius, measured from the center of the turnaround to the inside edge of the paved surface, of 34 feet.
H. 
Intersections. All street intersections shall be designed in accordance with the following requirements:
(1) 
No intersection shall involve the junction of more than two streets.
(2) 
Within 150 feet of an intersection, streets shall intersect at right angles. The Borough may, under special circumstances where an angle of less than 90° will not create a traffic hazard, permit an intersection of less than 90°. In no instance, however, shall streets intersect at an angle of less than 75°.
(3) 
Intersections shall be approached on all sides by leveling areas. Where the grades exceed 7%, such leveling areas shall have a minimum length of 100 feet (measured from the intersection of the center lines) within which no grade shall exceed a maximum of 4%.
(4) 
All streets intersecting a state road (U.S., Pa., or SR) shall be subject to the approval of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. The developer shall furnish evidence of such approval in the form of a PennDOT highway occupancy permit or other written form. The Borough shall be afforded the opportunity to provide comments and recommendations regarding any highway occupancy permit application prior to its submission to PennDOT.
(5) 
Design of curb or edge of pavements shall take into account such factors as types of turning vehicles, likely speeds of traffic, angle of turn, etc., but in no instance shall the radius of the curb or edge of the pavement be less than the following:
Intersection
Curb Radius
(feet)
Collector street with collector street
25
Collector street with residential subcollector street, local residential street, or residential cul-de-sac
15
Residential subcollector street with residential subcollector street
10
Residential subcollector street with local residential street or cul-de-sac
5
Local residential street with local residential street or residential cul-de-sac
5
Alley/service street with collector street, residential subcollector street, local residential street, or residential cul-de-sac
5
(6) 
Collector and residential subcollector streets shall not intersect arterial streets on the same side at less than four-hundreed-foot intervals and shall be in alignment with any existing or proposed streets intersecting from the opposite side. If two roads or streets that intersect another from opposite sides cannot be aligned, then a distance of at least 150 feet shall be provided between the two intersecting street center lines. Local residential streets and residential culs-de-sac shall not intersect arterial streets.
I. 
Partial and half-streets. The dedication of half-streets at the perimeter of new developments is prohibited, except to complete existing half-streets.
J. 
Names of streets. Names of new roads or streets shall not duplicate or approximate existing street names by the use of suffixes such as "lane," "court," or "avenue." In approving the names, consideration shall be given to existing or platted road or street names within the postal delivery district served by the local post office. New streets shall bear the same name or number of any continuation or alignment with an existing street.
K. 
Reserve strips. Controlling access to streets by reserve strips is prohibited except where their control is definitely placed in Borough control as approved by the Borough. A reserve strip is a parcel of ground in separate ownership separating a street from other adjacent properties or from another street.
L. 
Street construction requirements. Streets shall be surfaced to the grades and dimensions shown on plans, street profiles, and street cross sections as submitted by the developer and approved by the Borough. Unless otherwise required by the Borough, all streets shall be constructed in accordance with applicable specifications of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Before paving the street surface, the developer shall install the required utilities and provide, where necessary, adequate stormwater drainage for such streets, as acceptable to the Borough and in conformance with the overall stormwater management plan for the site as required by this chapter.
A. 
General standards.
(1) 
The size, shape, and orientation of lots shall be appropriate for the type of development contemplated. Insofar as practical, side lot lines shall intersect straight street lines at right angles and radial to curved street lines.
(2) 
Lot lines shall follow municipal boundaries.
(3) 
The depth of residential lots shall not be less than one nor more than 2 1/2 times their width.
(4) 
Where the lots in a subdivision are of such a size that resubdivision is possible, or where a portion of the tract is not intended to be developed, suitable access to these areas shall be provided.
(5) 
Depth and width of parcels intended for nonresidential uses shall be adequate for the use proposed and sufficient to provide satisfactory space for on-site parking, loading and unloading, setbacks, landscaping, and other improvements required by this and other Borough ordinances.
(6) 
If, after subdividing, remnants of land remain, they shall either be incorporated into existing or proposed lots, or legally dedicated to either the Borough or to another entity for public, community, or open space use, as deemed appropriate by the Borough.
(7) 
No lots shall be created in any manner whatsoever which does not meet the minimum requirements of this or other Borough ordinances.
B. 
Lot frontage.
(1) 
All lots shall front upon a dedicated public street (existing or proposed), or upon a private street designed and constructed in accordance with applicable requirements of this chapter. Under no circumstances, however, shall a lot be permitted to front on an alley.
(2) 
Double or reverse frontage lots shall be avoided except where required by the Borough to provide separation of residential development from major streets, to control access to major streets, or to overcome specific disadvantages of topography, orientation, or location. The Borough reserves the right to require double or reverse frontage lots in the interest of enhancing public safety, or in the interest of maintaining the grid street and alley network within the core of the Borough.
(3) 
All reverse frontage lots shall have a planting screen easement which runs parallel to the accepted rear lot line. The planting screen easement shall be 20 feet in width. There shall be no right of access across the planting screen easement. Plantings shall be provided within the planting screen easement in accordance with the landscaping requirements of this or other Borough ordinances.
C. 
Lot dimensions, area, and building setbacks. Lot dimensions, area, and building setback requirements shall not be less than specified by Chapter 500, Zoning.
D. 
Unique lots.
(1) 
Panhandle lots. Panhandle lots, or lots having a narrow strip of property for the sole purpose of providing access to a public street from a lot which would not otherwise front on a public street, are prohibited.
(2) 
Corner lots. Corner lots shall be designed in manner that conforms to applicable Chapter 500, Zoning, requirements addressing corner lots. Specifically, any corner lot shall be of sufficient size to meet front setback requirements along both streets, and rear yard requirements along all other property boundaries, while still maintaining a usable building envelope.
(3) 
Wedge-shaped lots. Wedge-shaped lots along street curves or at the end of cul-de-sac streets are permitted in accordance with the following requirements:
(a) 
The width of the arc measured at the front right-of-way line shall be no less than 70% of the lot width measured at the minimum required front building setback line.
(b) 
The width of the arc measured at the front right-of-way line shall be no greater than 125% of the lot width measured at the minimum front building setback line.
A. 
General requirements. The length, width, and shape of block shall be subject to the following minimum general requirements:
(1) 
Blocks shall provide adequate sites for the uses proposed by the subdivision and/or land development plan.
(2) 
Blocks shall be related to the topography of the site.
(3) 
Design or blocks shall be subject to any other applicable Littlestown Borough Code or ordinance.
(4) 
Design of blocks shall take into account generally accepted requirements and standards for safe and convenient vehicular and pedestrian circulation. This standard includes, but is not necessarily limited to, the minimization of street or driveway intersections with major streets.
B. 
Block length.
(1) 
Blocks shall have a maximum length of 400 feet and a minimum length of 200 feet.
(2) 
The Borough Council, at their discretion, may permit or require an increase in maximum block length or a decrease in minimum block length if such adjustments are warranted given unique topographic conditions, unique surface water drainage conditions, or the need to conform to existing lot and block patterns in unique settings including but not limited to the grid street network that currently exists within the center of the Borough.
(3) 
If block lengths exceed 400 feet, special consideration shall be given to fire and emergency vehicle access.
C. 
Residential block depth. Blocks shall be of sufficient depth to accommodate two tiers of lots, except under the following conditions:
(1) 
Where the Borough requires reverse frontage lots along a major street.
(2) 
Where the design of two tiers of lots is prevented by the size, topographical conditions, or other unique conditions of the property.
D. 
Nonresidential blocks. Blocks in nonresidential developments may vary from the elements of design detailed above if required by the nature of the use. In all cases, adequate provision shall be made for off-street parking for employees and/or customers, loading areas, and traffic circulation.
A. 
Individual residential lot. Access to any street from an individual residential lot shall be designed in accordance with the following requirements:
(1) 
Within 10 feet of a street right-of-way line, the access drive may not exceed 20 feet in width.
(2) 
Individual residential lots are limited to one access driveway unless circumstances demonstrate, at the discretion of the Borough, that a second access driveway is justified.
(3) 
Individual residential lot access driveways shall not cross a street right-of-way line within:
(a) 
Two feet of any side property line, except where a common access drive for two or more dwellings is permitted by the Borough.
(b) 
Fifty feet of the right-of-way line of an intersecting street when the intersecting street is an arterial street.
(c) 
Forty feet of the right-of-way line of an intersecting street when the intersecting street is a collector street.
(d) 
Thirty-five feet of the right-of-way line of an intersecting street when the intersecting street is a residential subcollector or a local residential street.
(e) 
Twenty-five feet of the right-of-way line of an intersecting street when the intersecting street is a local residential street or residential cul-de-sac.
(f) 
Fifteen feet of a fire hydrant.
(g) 
Where an individual residential lot has frontage on two streets, the access driveway shall connect to the street with the lower service level, as designated by the Borough.
(h) 
Where an individual residential lot includes rear or side access from an alley, the driveway shall only be permitted to access the lot from the alley.
B. 
Multifamily residential and nonresidential lots. Access to any public street from a multifamily residential lot or a nonresidential lot shall be designed in accordance with the following requirements:
(1) 
All access driveways to any street shall be located at least 200 feet from the intersection of any two street right-of-way lines, and shall be designed in a manner conducive to safe ingress and egress.
(2) 
Where a lot has frontage on two streets, the access driveway shall connect to the street with the lower service level, as designated by the Borough.
(3) 
A maximum of one access driveway from a property to a street shall be permitted for every 200 feet of road frontage; provided, however, that the maximum number of access driveways from a property to a street shall be four.
(4) 
No access driveway design shall be approved which is likely to create a traffic hazard with the potential to endanger public safety. The Borough may require safety improvements in the interest of public safety. Such improvements may include, but are not necessarily limited to, traffic control devices, acceleration or deceleration lanes, turning lanes, traffic and lane markings, and signs. The developer shall be responsible for the design and construction of such traffic control devices and shall also, where applicable, obtain PennDOT approval, following review and recommendation to PennDOT by the Borough, for such measures.
C. 
Within residential or nonresidential developments where new streets are proposed, access to individual lots and uses shall be from streets internal to the development. Access to such lots and uses from existing public roads shall not be permitted.
A. 
Curbs shall be provided along all streets.
B. 
Along arterial and collector roads, curbs shall be the vertical type and constructed in accordance with Borough specifications. Along residential subcollector, local, and cul-de-sac streets, and alleys, curbs may be the slant type, and shall be constructed in accordance with the Littlestown Borough construction and materials specifications for land development.
C. 
Curb construction requirements. Where required, vertical curbs shall be poured in place Class A cement concrete, 18 inches in depth and in accordance with those requirements set forth in the latest edition of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Specifications, Form 408, Section 630, as may be amended. The exposed face of the curb shall be six inches high, and shall be constructed in accordance with the Littlestown Borough construction and materials specifications for land development.
A. 
Sidewalks and pedestrian paths shall minimize pedestrian-vehicular conflict and shall be provided along both sides of all streets. A network of pedestrian and bicycle paths shall be installed to provide pedestrian and bicycle access between uses that are not directly connected by the sidewalk system.
B. 
The minimum width of all sidewalks and pedestrian paths shall be four feet. There shall be a minimum three-foot-wide planting strip between the back of the curb and the sidewalk.
C. 
Sidewalks and public paths shall be installed for convenience and access to all dwelling units from streets, driveways, parking areas or garages and located within a public right-of-way, a public easement or a common open space area.
D. 
At corners and other pedestrian street-crossing points, sidewalks shall be extended to the curbline with ramps for adequate and reasonable access of physically handicapped person, including those in wheelchairs, across curbs. Ramps shall be located to promote crosswalks located in accordance with § 415-27C.
E. 
Sidewalks and pedestrian paths away from streets shall be adequately lighted during peak usage periods. However, lighting near residential properties shall be connected to a timer to dim the lighting during overnight hours.
F. 
The grades and paving of sidewalks and pedestrian paths shall be continuous across driveways. Where heavy traffic volume is expected, or where special consideration for visually impaired pedestrians is warranted, a special paving treatment may be required by the Borough Council. Small jogs in the alignment shall be avoided.
G. 
Sidewalks and pedestrian paths shall be laterally pitched at a slope of not less than 1/4 inch per foot to provide for adequate surface drainage. The concentration of surface waters shall be prevented from passing on or across sidewalks. The design of sidewalks shall not cause surface waters to puddle.
H. 
Sidewalks and pedestrian paths shall not exceed a grade of 7%. Steps or a combination of steps and ramps shall be utilized to maintain the maximum grades, where necessary. Where sidewalk grades exceed 5%, a nonslip surface texture shall be used.
I. 
Sidewalks and pedestrian paths shall be of a hard surface composition if heavy pedestrian or bicycle traffic will be served and shall be constructed according to Borough specifications. Such sidewalks and paths shall be constructed with a subbase of four-inch crushed stone and two-inch wear course. An occasionally utilized footpath may use gravel, pine bark chips, or other material approved by the Borough Council.
J. 
Sidewalks adjacent to angle parking areas shall be set back a minimum of five feet to prevent car overhang from restricting pedestrian movement along the sidewalk.
K. 
Sidewalk construction. All sidewalks shall be constructed in accordance with applicable standards in the most recent version of the Littlestown Borough construction and materials specifications for land development.
A. 
Within any major land development or major subdivision, street trees shall be planted along all streets where suitable street trees do not exist.
B. 
Large street trees shall be planted at intervals of not more than 45 feet, or small street trees at intervals of not more than 30 feet, along both sides of all streets within a development and along the side of any existing street adjoining a development. An equivalent number of trees may be planted in a less formal arrangement, subject to the approval of the Borough Council.
C. 
Street trees shall not be planted directly opposite a street from each other. Street trees shall be planted in a staggered arrangement to provide maximum tree canopy coverage over the street.
D. 
At intersections, trees shall not be located within the clear sight triangle.
E. 
Street trees shall be planted in the right-of-way, within two feet of the street line, between the curb and the sidewalk.
F. 
Street trees shall be of nursery stock. They shall be of symmetrical growth, free of insects, pests and disease, suitable for street use, and in conformity with the standards of the American Association of Nurserymen.
G. 
The minimum tree caliper shall be 2 1/2 inches, measured three feet above the ground surface.
A. 
Interior crosswalks may be required wherever necessary to facilitate pedestrian circulation and to give access to community facilities in blocks of over 400 feet in length. At a minimum, crosswalks shall be required at all street intersections.
B. 
Such crosswalks shall have an easement width of not less than 20 feet and a paved walk of not less than four feet. They shall be clearly marked by bollards, paving material, signing, lights or similar provisions to ensure their visibility to motorists.
C. 
Crosswalks at intersections shall be located to minimize the length of the crosswalk across streets, thus enhancing pedestrian safety. The use of bulb-outs or other traffic-calming techniques to further enhance pedestrian safety by reducing crosswalk length are strongly encouraged.
A. 
The developer shall erect, at the developer's expense, at every street intersection a street sign or signs meeting Borough Council approval, having thereon the names of the intersecting streets. At intersections where streets cross, there shall be a maximum of two such street signs, and at the intersections where one street ends or joins with another street, there shall be at least one such street sign. Street signs shall be placed at stops signs, and pairs of street signs shall be placed on diagonally opposite corners.
B. 
Street signs are to be erected when the first dwelling on the street is occupied. Temporary street signs may be erected on the approval of the Borough Council but shall be made permanent before final offer for the dedication of roads is made.
C. 
The developer shall provide regulatory signs and traffic signalization as may be recommended: in a traffic impact study; or by the Borough Engineer.
A. 
Where required by the Borough Council, the developer shall install or cause to be installed at the developer's expense metal or fiberglass pole streetlights serviced by underground conduit in accordance with a plan to be prepared by the developer's engineer and approved by the Borough Council and by the local electricity provider. The use of decorative streetlights reflective of Borough character is strongly encouraged.
B. 
The requirement of metal or fiberglass poles may be waived in such instances as approved by the Borough Council due to the existence of poles already in place. Provision shall be made for energizing said lighting after 50% or more of the dwellings in a given subdivision or land development, or section of a subdivision or land development, have been occupied.
C. 
The developer shall be responsible for all costs involved in lighting the streets until such time that the streets are accepted or condemned as public streets by the Borough.
D. 
All streetlight fixtures, light reflection, and measurements from any streetlight must conform to § 500-22F, Lighting.
A. 
Where specific landscape plans or treatments are required by Chapter 500, Zoning, the requirements established by said Zoning Ordinance shall apply.
B. 
Where Chapter 500, Zoning, does not establish specific landscaping requirements, the following requirements shall apply:
(1) 
All portions of a property not proposed for buildings, structures, driveways, parking lots, or other impervious surfaces shall be landscaped and planted with vegetative cover. In no event will a proposal involving the retention of bare, unvegetated ground be permitted.
(2) 
Where development is proposed on a property that is dissimilar to established uses on surrounding properties, landscaping shall be planted which provides visual buffering between the uses. At a minimum, evergreen plantings placed at a minimum of twenty-five-foot intervals shall be required. Applicants are encouraged to offer more creatively designed landscaping alternatives to achieve the same level of required visual buffering.
C. 
All landscaping shall be maintained at all times by the developer. Should required landscaping die, the developer shall replace such landscaping.
All subdivision and land developments shall comply with Chapter 390, Stormwater Management, as enacted and amended.
A. 
General provisions and compliance.
(1) 
No changes shall be made in the contour of the land and no grading excavation, removal nor destruction of the topsoil, trees or other vegetative cover of the land shall be commenced, until such time that a plan for minimizing erosion and sedimentation has been:
(a) 
Processed and reviewed by the Borough Engineer and the Adams County Soil Conservation District; and
(b) 
Approved by the Borough Council.
(2) 
The Borough Council, in its consideration of all preliminary subdivision and land development plans, shall condition its approval upon the execution of erosion and sediment control measures as contained in the standards and specifications of the Adams County Soil Conservation District and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation, as may be applicable.
(3) 
Final approval of plans and specifications for the control of erosion and sedimentation shall be concurrent with the approval of the final subdivision or land development plans, and become a part thereof.
(4) 
Final plans for minimizing erosion and sedimentation as approved will be incorporated into the agreement and bond requirements as required in accordance with § 415-17 of this chapter.
(5) 
No subdivision or land development plan shall be approved unless:
(a) 
There has been an erosion and sedimentation plan approved by the Adams County Conservation District that provides for minimizing erosion and sedimentation and an improvement bond or other acceptable security is deposited with the Borough in the form of an escrow guaranty which will ensure installation and completion of the required improvements; or
(b) 
There has been a determination by the Borough Council that a plan for minimizing erosion and sedimentation is not necessary. The Borough Council may waive the above requirement for minor subdivisions.
(6) 
The Borough Engineer inspect the development site during the construction of site improvements to insure compliance with the approved plan.
(7) 
The Borough Engineer shall review stream channel construction on watersheds with a drainage area in excess of 320 acres, or in those cases where downstream hazards exist, and shall submit a review of said construction to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Said construction shall be approved by the Department of Environmental Protection prior to final plan approval.
B. 
General erosion control standards.
(1) 
Measures used to control erosion and reduce sedimentation shall, as a minimum, meet the standards and specifications of the Adams County Soil Conservation District and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation, as may be applicable.
(2) 
In cases where the Adams County Soil Conservation District does not have standards and specifications for erosion and sedimentation control, other known and commonly accepted standards and specifications approved by the Borough Engineer may be used.
(3) 
The following standards to minimize erosion and sedimentation shall be followed:
(a) 
Stripping vegetation, regrading, or other development shall be undertaken in a manner that will minimize erosion.
(b) 
Development plans shall preserve salient natural features, keep fill operations to a minimum, and ensure conformity with topography so as to create the least erosion potential and adequately handle the volume and velocity of surface water runoff.
(c) 
Whenever feasible, natural vegetation shall be retained, protected, and supplemented. Wooded areas specifically shall be retained to the maximum extent feasible. Clearing and grubbing of wooded areas in excess of one acre shall be prohibited unless the applicant can demonstrate that no other alternative is available to facilitate the development.
(d) 
The disturbed area and the duration of exposure shall be kept to a practical minimum. Disturbed soils shall be stabilized within 20 days.
(e) 
Temporary vegetation and/or mulching shall be used to protect exposed critical areas during development.
(f) 
The permanent (final) vegetation and mechanical erosion control and drainage facilities shall be installed as soon as practical.
(g) 
Provisions shall be made to effectively accommodate the increased runoff caused by changed soil and surface conditions during and after development, where necessary, the rate of surface water runoff shall be mechanically retarded.
(h) 
Sediment in the water runoff shall be trapped until the disturbed area is stabilized by the used of debris basins, sediment basins, silt traps, or similar measures.
(i) 
Swales shall be sodded, or jute matting or other similar measures should be utilized to insure proper growth of ground cover.
(j) 
Tire-cleaning areas shall be provided and properly maintained at each point of egress from the development site.
C. 
General grading standards.
(1) 
All lots, tracts or parcels shall be graded to provide proper drainage away from buildings and dispose of it without ponding.
(2) 
All land within a development shall be graded to drain and dispose of surface water without ponding, except where ponding in detention basins is part of the stormwater management plan for the site.
(3) 
Concentration of surface water runoff shall be permitted only in swales, watercourses, or detention basins, or other stormwater features that may be permitted in accordance with § 415-31.
(4) 
Edges of slopes shall be a minimum of five feet from property lines or right-of-way lines in order to permit the normal rounding of edge without encroaching on the abutting property.
(5) 
During grading operations, necessary measures for dust control shall be exercised.
D. 
Excavations and fills.
(1) 
No excavation or fill shall be made with a face or surface slope steeper than three horizontal to one vertical for cut slopes and four horizontal to one vertical for fill slopes.
(2) 
Adequate provisions shall be made to prevent surface water from damaging the cut face of excavations and the sloping surfaces of fills.
(3) 
Cut and fill shall not endanger adjoining property.
(4) 
Fill shall be placed and compacted so as to minimize sliding or erosion of the soil.
(5) 
Fills shall not encroach in floodplain areas or wetlands.
(6) 
Fills placed adjacent to floodways shall have suitable protection against erosion during flooding.
E. 
Responsibility.
(1) 
Each person which makes any surface changes shall be required to:
(a) 
Collect on-site surface runoff and control it to a point of discharge into the natural watercourse of the drainage area.
(b) 
Adequately handle existing off-site runoff through his development.
(c) 
Provide and install all temporary and permanent drainage and erosion control improvements as required by the approved sedimentation and erosion control plan.
(2) 
Whenever sedimentation is caused by stripping of vegetation, regrading or other development, it shall be the responsibility of the person causing such sedimentation to remove it from all affected surfaces, drainage systems and watercourses on- and off-site, and to repair any damage at his expense as quickly as possible following a storm event.
(3) 
Persons doing any work on or across a watercourse, swale, floodplain or right-of-way shall return such areas to their original or equal condition after such activity is completed.
(4) 
No person shall block, impede the flow of, alter, construct any structure, deposit any material or thing, or perform any work which will affect normal or flood flow in any communal watercourse without having obtained prior approval from the Adams County Conservation District and/or Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, whichever is applicable.
F. 
Additional erosion and sedimentation control design standards and criteria that must be or are recommended to be applied where infiltration BMPs are proposed and include the following:
(1) 
Areas proposed for infiltration BMPs shall be protected from sedimentation and compaction during the construction phase, so as to maintain their maximum infiltration capacity.
(2) 
Infiltration BMPs shall not be constructed nor receive runoff until the entire contributory drainage area to the infiltration BMP has received final stabilization.
Unless otherwise required by this chapter or Chapter 500, Zoning, the following standards shall apply to two-family and multifamily development projects:
A. 
Approval of the preliminary plan must be obtained for the entire proposed development. Final approval may be obtained section by section, but such sections shall be specified on the preliminary plan and must be numbered in the proposed order that they are to be developed. Such order of development must be adhered to, and if changes are required, plans must be resubmitted and processed pursuant to § 415-11.
B. 
Design standards.
(1) 
The land development shall be designed to be harmonious and efficient in relation to topography, the size and shape of the site, the character of adjoining properties and the type and size of proposed buildings.
(2) 
Buildings shall be well related to the natural topography, existing desirable vegetation, bodies of water, views within and beyond the site, and exposure to the sun and other existing and proposed buildings.
(3) 
Attached dwelling types should incorporate varied designs, architectural modes and setbacks.
C. 
Access and circulation.
(1) 
Access to the dwellings and circulation between buildings and other important project facilities for vehicular and pedestrian traffic shall be comfortable and convenient for the occupants.
(2) 
Access and circulation for firefighting and other emergency equipment, moving vans, fuel trucks, garbage collection, deliveries and snow removal shall be planned for efficient operation and convenience.
(3) 
Walking distances from the main entrance of a building or a single-family dwelling unit to a parking area shall be less than 100 feet. Exceptions to this standard shall be reasonably justified by compensating advantages, such as desirable views and site preservation through adaptation to topography. In no case shall the distance exceed 250 feet.
(4) 
Access easements having a minimum width of five feet shall be provided on each attached dwelling lot along both sides of all rear lot lines. In instances where the side lot line does not pass through a common wall, an easement having a minimum width of five feet shall also be provided on both sides of each side lot line. Said easements shall remain unobstructed for the use of residents and emergency personnel.
D. 
Grading.
(1) 
Grading shall be designed for buildings, lawns, paved areas and other facilities to assure adequate surface drainage, safe and convenient access to and around the buildings, screening of parking and other service areas and conservation of desirable existing vegetation and natural ground forms.
(2) 
Grading around buildings shall be designed to be in harmony with the natural topography.
E. 
Streets and driveways.
(1) 
Streets and/or driveways shall be provided on the site where necessary for convenient access to dwelling units, garage compounds, parking areas, service entrances of buildings, collection of refuse and all other necessary services. Internal streets and driveways shall enter public streets at safe locations.
(2) 
Streets and/or driveways shall be planned for convenient circulation suitable for traffic needs and safety.
(3) 
All streets and/or driveways shall be laid out to conform to the design, service, and access standards contained herein for public streets based upon projected average daily traffic.
(4) 
Streets and/or driveways shall be paved and constructed in accordance with Borough standards.
F. 
Refuse collection stations.
(1) 
Outdoor collection stations shall be provided for garbage and trash removal when individual collection is not made and indoor storage is not provided.
(2) 
Collection stations shall be located so as to be adequately separated from habitable buildings to avoid being offensive, but at the same time be convenient for both collectors and residents and shall be adequately screened and landscaped.
G. 
Planting.
(1) 
The appeal and character of the site shall be preserved and enhanced by retaining and protecting existing trees and desirable topographic features.
(2) 
Additional plant material shall be added for privacy, shade, beauty of buildings and grounds, and to screen out objectionable features.
Unless otherwise required by this chapter or Chapter 500, Zoning, the following requirements shall apply to nonresidential development:
A. 
The platting of individual lots for nonresidential uses shall be avoided in favor of a comprehensive design of the land to be used for such purposes.
B. 
Additional width of streets adjacent to areas proposed for nonresidential use may be required as deemed necessary by the Borough Council to assure the free flow of through traffic from vehicles entering or leaving parking loading areas.
C. 
When two adjacent lots proposed for nonresidential uses front on an arterial or collector street, the applicant may be required, at the discretion of the Borough Council, to provide common ingress and egress as well as common parking facilities. Internal parking lot connections may also be required, at the discretion of the Borough Council, to help minimize the use of arterial or collector streets when moving from one nonresidential use to another. When three or more adjacent lots are proposed for nonresidential uses, the Borough Council may require the applicant to provide a service road for common ingress and egress.
D. 
Alleys or service streets shall be required in commercial and industrial land developments, except where adequate provisions are made for off-street loading.
E. 
Dead-end alleys shall be avoided. Where compliance with this standard proves impossible, dead-end alleys shall be terminated with a paved turnaround of adequate dimensions as approved by the Borough Council.
F. 
Parking areas shall be located and designed in such a manner that they are visibly secluded from eye level in the surrounding area. Grading to depress the parking area, raised berms, landscaping or fencing are satisfactory methods to create such seclusion.
G. 
Outdoor collection stations shall be provided for garbage and trash removal when indoor collection is not provided. Collection stations shall be screened from view and landscaped.
A. 
Easements with a minimum width of 20 feet shall be provided as necessary for utilities.
B. 
To the fullest extent possible, easements shall be centered on or adjacent to rear or side lot lines.
C. 
No structure requiring a building permit or plantings, except for lawn, shall be set or put within the area of a utility easement.
D. 
Where a subdivision or land development is traversed by a watercourse, there shall be provided a drainage easement or right-of-way conforming substantially with the line of such watercourse and of such width as will be adequate to preserve natural drainage but not less than 50 feet in width, or as may be required or directed by the Borough Council and/or the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. The owner shall properly grade and seed slopes and fence any open ditches when it is deemed necessary by the Borough Council.
E. 
Where stormwater or surface water will be gathered within the subdivision or land development and discharged or drained in volume over lands within or beyond the boundaries of the subdivision or land development, the applicant or owner shall reserve or obtain easements over all lands affected thereby; which easements shall be adequate for discharge or drainage and for the carrying off of such water, and for the maintenance, repair and reconstruction of the same vehicles, machinery and other equipment for such purposes, and which shall be sufficient width for such passage and work. The owner shall convey, free of charge or cost, such easements to the Borough upon demand.
F. 
No right-of-way or easement for any purpose whatsoever shall be recited or described in any deed unless the same has been shown on the approved plan.
[Added 6-25-2013 by Ord. No. 660]
A. 
Sewer system capacity. Where new connections to the sewer system are proposed, sewer system capacity shall be reserved in accordance with applicable provisions of Chapter 365, Sewers, Part 2, Reservation of Sanitary Sewer Capacity, as may be amended.
B. 
Water system capacity. Water system capacity shall be reserved at a rate of 525 gallons per day per equivalent domestic unit. Where additional water system capacity is necessary to meet the water demand of the development, the applicant shall develop such additional capacity and dedicate the improvements to the Borough.
C. 
System design. All infrastructure to be installed to facilitate connection of the proposed development to the sewer and water systems shall be designed and constructed in accordance with applicable standards of the Littlestown Borough Construction and Material Specifications Manual, as may be amended.